ANIMAL PRODUCTION, 75 



skim milk and oil and coiitimu'd on an oil ration, '2.4 lbs.; ami of tliose formerly' fed 

 oil, but not continued on it, 2.1 lbs. At the close of the test the calves wi're slaugh- 

 tered. The following general conclusions were drawn: Cod-liver oil as a sul)stitute 

 for fat may l)e used with safety, suii2)lenienting separator skim milk for calves, and 

 they readily become accustomed to it. Feeding cod-liver oil does not involve much 

 labor, and with skim milk furnishes a cheap feed. Judging from the experiment 

 reported above, it seems advisable to continue the oil feeding with Unseed cake and 

 meal for a time after weaning. The use of cod-liver oil in the early stages of calf feed- 

 ing does not seem to have any T)ad effect on the flesh of the animals when slaughtered 

 as bullocks. 



Some notes on sheep husbandry, H. W. JVIumford (Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci. 

 1901, pp. 103-1(15). — The author (juotes statistics covering several years which were 

 kept of a flock of sheep. It was noted that on an average wether lambs gained in 

 60 days 2.25 per cent in live weight and 4.0 per cent dressed weight more than 

 bucks of the same age. The feed consisted of early-cut clover liay. While with 

 the ewes the latter were given 1 to 1.5 qts. shelled corn daily. 



The goat in Germany, F. Dettweiler {Arb. Deut. Landw. Gesell., 1902, No. 69, 

 pp. :?07,fig». 11). — Historical statements are made concerning the goat in Germany 

 and the importance of the goat-raising industry. Goat raising in the different 

 provinces of the German Emi^ire is discussed and methods for further development 

 of the industry suggested. 



Pig-feeding experiments, J. R. Campbell ( Yorkshire Col., Leeds, and East and 

 West Ridings Joint Agr. ('onnril, GarfortJi E.rpts., 1899, PainpJdet S, pp.4)- — The value 

 of several grain rations mixed with different amounts of water was tested with 4 

 lots of 6 pigs each after a preliminary period of 124 days, during which the pigs had 

 gained on an average 1.1 lbs. per head daily. The test proper covered 56 days. 

 Lot 1 was fed barley meal, sharps, i. e., middlings, and gluten meal 2:1:1; lot 2 a 

 mixture of equal parts of barley meal and maize meal; lots 3 and 4 barley meal and 

 sharps 1:1. The grain ration of lots 1, 2, and 3 was mixed with four times and lot 

 4 with twice its weight of water. The average daily gain of the 4 lots was 1.1, 0.9, 

 1.1, and 1.4 lbs. per head, respectively, the food eaten per pound of gain being 5.3, 

 6.1, 5.7, and 4.9 lbs. According to the author, the effect of the rations was most 

 marked with lots 3 and 4, the former receiving the ration in a slopi^y condition, the 

 latter in the form of a porridge. Larger gains were made on the drier ration and 

 less food was required per pound of gain. The author believes that "the mixture of 

 barley and meal and sharps is better than barley meal and maize, and that the latter 

 mixture may be somewhat improved by the addition of a highly nitrogenous meal, 

 and, finally, that a great deal of food may be wasted, particularly in winter, when 

 pigs are fed upon food containing more water than is necessary for the requirements 

 of the body. The cost of food sujiplied to lot 4 was about $4.56 greater during 8 

 weeks than that given lot 3, but the value of the increase of pork for the same lot 

 was $10.20, thus leaving a balance of $5.64 in favor of the drier food." 



Investigations on the metabolism of pigs fed sugar, starch, and. molasses, 

 E. Meissl and W. Bersch [Ztsclrr. Landw. Versuchsw. Oesterr., 4 {1901), No. 8, pp. 

 805-921, pis. 2, figs. 6) . — Metabolism experiments with pigs are reported to compare 

 sugar, starch, and molasses as the principal sources of carbohydrates in a ration. 

 The basal ration in all the tests consisted of barley and dried brewers' grains. Food, 

 urine, feces, and respiratory products were analyzed. For the collection of the res- 

 piratory products a Pettenkofer respiration apjjaratus was used. Experimental 

 methods are discussed in detail, and the experiments reported in full. The follow- 

 ing table shows the balance of income and outgo of carl)on and nitrogen in tlie differ- 

 ent periods, and the calculated gains of flesh (muscular tissue) and fat. 



