ENTOMOLOGY. 2()7 



Diseased plants luive been treated with lime, sulphur, and dilute furmalin with some 

 success. The best treatment thus far found, however, consists of t-hangin": the soil 

 in the beds or in growing the plants in pots, and in the })roper management of 

 greenhouses. 



The toxic properties of some copper compounds with, special reference to 

 Bordeaux mixture, J. F. Ci.ahk (liof. Gaz., 38 {1902), No. 1, pp. 26-48, figs. 7).— 

 Studies are reported on the toxic effect of a number of copper compounds in pre- 

 venting the growth of fungus spores, etc. Based upon his investigations, the author 

 t'oncludes that the solution of that part of the Bordeaux mixture which under orchard 

 conditions is of fungicidal value is chiefly accomplished by the solvent action of the 

 fungus spores themselves. The amount of copper necessary for the destruction of the 

 spores of parasitic fungi is probably not more than 1 part of soluble metallic copper 

 to SO, 000 i)arts of water. The host plant has a greater or a less power of dissolving 

 copper hydroxid deposited on its leaves. This solution of copper by the host plant 

 may or may not be advantageous in protecting it from attack, as spores may not be 

 present at the point where the solution has taken place. To this factor, however, 

 must be attributed nmch of the injury frequently observed on such plants as peach, 

 Japanese i)lum, etc. The amount of injury done to a given species, provided always 

 that carefully prepared Bordeaux mixture is used, will depend on the specific sus- 

 cei)tibility of the protoplasm of the plant to poisoning by copper, the solvent prop- 

 erties of the cell sap on copjier hydroxid, the permeability of the ei)idermis or 

 cuticle, and the weather conditions following spraying, particularly the conditions 

 of moisture. 



ENTOMOLOGY. 



Some insects of the year 1899-1900, C. Fowler {California Sta. Rpt. 1899- 

 1901, pt. 1, pp. 73-85, figs. 10). — Biological and economic notes are given on a number 

 of scale insects, including San Jose scale, black scale, red scale, purple scale, greedy 

 scale, cottony cushion scale, etc. The report also contains brief accounts of injuries 

 from jieach-tree borer {Sanniiia pacifica), jieach-twig borer, cucumber beetle, squash 

 bug, harlequin cabbage bug, pear slug, and plum-tree aphis. 



Phorhki lupini is reported as boring in the stems of white lupines and causing the 

 destruction of these plants. The eggs are laid in the growing top of the plant, or 

 sometimes in the axil of the leaf. The larva then jjenetrates into the pith of the 

 stem for a short distance. Other species of lupines are attacked as well as the white 

 si)ecies. The Lawson cypress is said to have been considerably injured by the bark 

 beetle {Pldceosimta jnindatus) . Affected trees first show an unhealthy appearance, 

 and later turn brown and die. The galleries of the beetle are found under the bark. 

 A species of Andricus was found injuring the English oak. The wasp did not pro- 

 duce galls like most related species, but when the larva was full grown it gnawed its 

 way through the twigs and escaped. In combating this species, severe pruning and 

 cutting back are reconmiended. 



Notes are given on the woolly aphis, which injures not only the roots and trunks 

 of apple trees, but is reported as penetrating into the apples, in the case of Newtown 

 pipj)ins. When the species appears above ground it may l)e readily destroyed with 

 kerosene emulsion. 



Brief notes are also presented on nematode worms, Paris green, kerosene ennil- 

 sion, resin, soaj), and lime-sulplun--and-salt wash. 



Some insects of the year 1901, R. H. Pettit {Michigan Sta. Bui. 200, pp. 179- 

 212, figs. 21). — Lecanium anneniacum is reported as injurious to apricot, i^lum, and 

 grape. The greatest damage was done in the northern part of the State. Scale 

 insects closely resembling this specias were also oliserved on maple, elm, and hack- 

 berry. The natural enemies of the species include i)arasitic insects, and a fungus 



