464 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 



life history, parasites, and means of com]>ating it. It was found by comparing 

 weather records with the time of appearance of the Hessian iiy that there is some 

 apparent connection between these two phenomena. An extensive bibliography of 

 the literature on the Hessian fly is added to the article on this insect. During the 

 season of 1901 a large number of other species of insects were more or less injurious, 

 and notes are given on several of these species, among which the following may be 

 mentioned: Fruit-tree bark-beetle, grapevine fidia, Colaspis bnmnea, round-headed 

 apple-tree l)()rer, forest tent caterpillar, grapevine leaf-hopper, Cenopis dilhticostmia, 

 elm-leaf l)eetle, Rhabdophag<i. s<(Ucis, carpenter moth, leopard moth, birch-leaf buc- 

 culatrix, blister lieetles, flea-beetles, squash bug, rabbit botfly, garden flea, European 

 praying mantis, croton bug, and orange dog. 



Insecticide experiments were carried out by the author in developing effective 

 remedies for controlling the San Jose scale. The apparatus used was a hand kero- 

 water spraying machine, and the insecticides with which the experiments were made 

 included mechanical emulsion of kerosene oil, crude petroleum, a mixture of whale- 

 oil soap and crude petroleum, and whale-oil soap in water. As the result of these 

 experiiuents it was found that a 20 per cent or 25 per cent mechanical emulsion of 

 crude petroleum was most effective. The combination of crude petroleum and 

 whale-oil soap gave good results but were not as effective as the mechanical mixtures 

 of crude petroleum. None of these preparations caused any injury to the trees. The 

 experiments with whale-oil soap indicate that this insecticide is valualjle for check- 

 ing the injuries of the San Jose scale but can not be relied upon to do as thorough 

 work as crude petroleum. A few tests with undiluted crude petroleum confirm 

 the author's previous experience that it is an unsafe insecticide. 



Report of the government entomologist for the year 1901, C. P. Lounsbury 

 {Cape of Good Hope Ikpt. Agr., Rpt. Gort. Kiel. 1901, ]>ji. lOS, ph. 6').— The chief lines 

 of work undertaken by the entomologist during the year 1901 were investigations of 

 the heart-water disease of goats and sheep, malignant jaundice of dogs, fumigation of 

 buildings with hydrocyanic-acid gas, and experiments with insecticides. The experi- 

 ments previously reported by the author on the subject of malignant jaundice in dogs 

 indicated that this disease was transmitted by the tick known as Hiemapln/salis leachi. 

 Further experiments along this line served to confirm the results already obtained. 

 They show also, as previously suspected, that the tick is innocuous in its larval and 

 nymphal stages and pathogenic only in the adult condition. 



Many experiments have l)een tried in importing various natural enemies of injurious 

 insects. CryptoUrmun montrouzieri was introduced from Australia and California, for 

 the purpose of holding mealy bugs in check. The beetles were distributed in several 

 places, but apparently did not survive. Similar experiments in introducing beneficial 

 insects were made with Cldlororus blvulnerns, Hippodamia convergens, Megilla maculata, 

 and Exochomus pilatei, as well as with fungus diseases. Some of these experiments 

 were unsuccessful, the insects failing to survive, while in other cases good results 

 appear to have been obtained. 



An extensive series of experiments was made to determine the relationshii> of the 

 bont tick {Amhlyoinma hehrieum) to heart-water disease of sheep and goats. The 

 account of the author's experiments in cooperation with the veterinary service of 

 Cape Colony is preceded by a general description of the disease and discussion of its 

 symptoms, etiology, and distribution. Special devices were adopted for preventing 

 ticks with which experiments were being made from leaving the experimental goats 

 and sheep upon which they were placed. The numerous experiments which are 

 reported in this paper indicate uniformly that A. hebneum is alone concerned in the 

 transmission of this disease, while Rhipicephalus evertsi, R. decoloratus, and Onitliodoros 

 savignyi are not concerned in the transmission of heart water. It was shown during 

 the experiments that one single specimen of bont tick was capable of producing fatal 

 infection in a healthy susceptible animal. Adult ticks fed as nymphs on sick animals 



