472 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. 



Notes are given on the liabits and life history of grasshoppers and brief descriptions 

 are presented of the various species which occur in California. The author presents 

 a list of the more important outbreaks of locusts which have occurred in California 

 up to the present time. It is stated that danger from locusts in California arises 

 chiefly from a comparative narrow strip of rolling land used for pasture. This land 

 lies on the east of the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys. Notes are given on the 

 conditions which determine migration of locusts. 



For controlling flying swarms of locusts the author recommends driving away by 

 means of smudges, by armies of men, and poisoning by means of baits. For con- 

 trolling drifting swarms, barriers, smudges, plowing imder, poisoning by baits, and 

 the use of a hopperdozer are recommended. Practical tests of the method of sacking 

 trees to prevent injury from locusts indicate that this method is dangerous. iSIost 

 of the trees are injured and lose their lives or show an unthrifty condition. For 

 controlling locusts in their breeding grounds it is recommended that the ground be 

 plowed in the fall, or that the area be burned over before the locusts are able to fly. 

 Hopperdozers may be used quite effectively upon the breeding grounds. In order 

 to prevent the depredations of locusts upon fruit trees it is considered necessary to 

 make a careful survey to determine the breeding grounds of the locusts, especially 

 such areas as are contiguous to large fruit-raising districts, and to secure legislation 

 which will empower the local authorities to carry out the necessary measures for 

 destroying the locusts. 



Departmental notes on insects that affect foresty, No. 1, K. P. Stebbing 

 (('(ilriilt<i: Sujit. (iiirt. J'riiitiii;/, India, 1902, pp. IT: 149, jih. o). — In this report the 

 author presents notes on a considerable variety of insects injurious to forest trees in 

 India. An alphal)etical li.st of the chief forest trees is given, with mention of the 

 more important injurious insects under each species. Detailed notes are given on 

 the haljits and life history of a large number of insects, among which the following 

 may be mentioned: Tryxalis nasuia, Oxya velox, Sinoxylon crassum, S. anale, Apriona 

 germari, species of Scolytiis, Trabala visJinu, Lymantria ampla, L. obsoleta, L. todara, 

 L. mathura, L. hkittata, L. grandw, Agrotis ypsRon, Boarmia selenaria, Monophlehus 

 stebbingii, M. dalbergite, and 3L tectonic. Brief notes are also given on the use of Paris 

 green in spraying trees for the destruction of caterpillars. 



Insect enemies of shade trees, E. P. Felt ( Colorado State Bd. Hort. Rpt. 1901, 

 pp. 164-170). — Fcouomic and biological notes are given on imported elm-leaf beetle, 

 forest tent caterpillar, imported elm bark-louse, gypsy moth, leopard moth, white- 

 marked tussock moth, Antiopa butterfly, cottony maple scale, cotton wood-leaf beetle, 

 and Sapierda calcarata. 



Galls and insects producing them, I, II, M. T. Cook {Ohio State Unir. Bid., 6. 

 ser., No. 13; reprinted from Ohio Xat., 2 {1902), pp. 263-278, pis. .^).— The author 

 describes the anatomy of plant galls caused by a number of groups of insects, includ- 

 ing plant lice, Phytoptus, Cecidomyia, and Cynipida?. In this paper galls are classi- 

 fied in two groups, those producetl l)y 'biting and those produced by oviposition. 

 The anatomical structure of the gall was found to depend upon the genus of the 

 insect which produced it rather than upon the species of piant ujum which it was 

 produced. 



The chemical composition of insecticides and fungicides, with an account 

 of the methods of analysis employed, J. K. Haywood ( F. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau 

 of Chemistry Bnl. 68, pp. 62, fig. 7).— In cooperation with the Division of Ento- 

 mology the Bureau of Chemistry collected about 300 samples of insecticides and 

 fungicides, including all the more important ones which are on the market, and of 

 this number 156 were selected for analysis, mainly insecticides. The author describes 

 the methods employed in different classes of these materials, and discusses the results 

 at some length. Excejit in the cases of Paris green, London purple, whi^le-oil soap, 

 hellebore, pyrethrum, and tobacco extracts, only single analyses are reported. 



