ENTOMOLOGY. 589 



coiitr()Ilin<r it include wpraying with kerosene enuilsion, rape-seed oil, itowdered 

 lime, and the use of trenches and brushes, as well as collection of tlie adult insects 

 and rotation of crops. 



The fruit fly, J. Lindsay {QuecnsUmd Ayr. Jour., 11 [1903), No. 1, pp. 21-23). — 

 In combating the attacks of the fruit fly upon oranges the author had the best success 

 in c< lilecting a few of the oranges which tirst ripened and i)lacing them on the ground 

 near the tree, smearing them with some preparation like "tanglefoot" used for 

 catching flics. The oranges thus treated are jilaced in position in the evening, and 

 the observations made by the author indicate that flies in attempting to oviposit in 

 the oranges are capturecl in large numbers. 



Winter treatment of the San Jose scale in the light of recent experiments, 

 W. I\I. Scott and W. K. Fiske ( (ieorgki Stale Bd. E)it. Biil. 4, pp. 82, pla. 2) . — During 

 the past winter over 500,000 trees in Georgia were sprayed with petroleum oils in 

 some form. A number of other insecticides, including whale-oil soap, lime-salt-and- 

 sulphur -wash, crude caustic potash, etc., were used and notes are given on the results 

 of the experiments with these insecticides. The experiments were confined to peach 

 trees and were conducted in 2 orchards containing 17,000 trees 2 years of age and 

 200,000 trees 4 years of age respectively. In one orchard only about 10 per cent of 

 the trees were free from the scale, while in the other about 25 per cent were badly 

 infested. Insecticide work was begun on Novemljer 30 and was continued at inter- 

 vals during December, January, February, and up to March 7. Several kinds of 

 oil were used, including Pennsylvania crude (jil, refined kerosene, Ohio crude oil, 

 and California distillate. From the extensive experiments carried on by the authors 

 it appears to l)e impossible to decide definitely as to the comparative merits of kero- 

 sene and crude oil. They are considered the 2 best remedies, good results having 

 been obtained from 2 applications of either one, at a strength not lower than 15 per 

 cent. The results appear to be slightly in favor of the effectiveness of crude oil. 

 Two applications proved much more effective than one. In many cases 1 application 

 was (juite inadequate while 2 applications, even of weaker solutions, were very effect- 

 ive. A comparison was made between fall and spring spraying. It was found that 

 a greater i^roportion of the scale was killed on trees sprayed in the spring than on 

 those sprayed in the fall or winter. There are, however, many strong and obvious 

 advantages in favor of treatment in the fall. A careful comparative test was made 

 of a mechanical mixture of oil and soap emulsion. As a result of this test it is stated 

 that, all things considered, the oil maybe applied as cheaply and with less trouble in 

 the form of emulsion than in the form of mechanical mixtures. 



Tests were made of different strengths of oil, including 10, 15, 20, and 25 i)er cent 

 solutions. It was found that a 25 ]>er cent solution is required for young, healthy, 

 infested orchards, while 2 applications of a 15 per cent solution proved effective in 

 older orchards. 



Observations made for the purpose of determining the influence of the weather on 

 spraying gave only negative results. No apparent influence of the weather was 

 determined. The Ohio crude oil was used on several plats of trees with good suc- 

 cess. California distillate, at strengths of 10, 15, and 20 per cent, was sprayed on 200 

 trees, with no better results than those obtained from ordinary oils. 



Whale-oil soap was used in solutions of 1\ and 2 lbs. to the gallon of water. The 

 weaker solution was found to be unsatisfactory, even in 2 ajiplications, while a single 

 spraying with a solution of 2 lbs. to the gallon was very effective. None of the 

 applications of whale-oil soap made during the fall and winter were successful. The 

 experiments indicate that whale-oil soap should be applied in the spring as late as 

 possiljle before the blossoms open. A single application of potash soap, at the rate 

 of 2 lbs. to the gallon of water, under good conditions, gave as good results as single 

 applications of a 25 per cent strength of kerosene or crude oil, either in mechanical 



16398— No. 6—03 6 



