HOETICULTUKE. 655 



kinds of plants involving many different families. Illustrations of the results 

 oljtained are given in some instances. A bibliography of the works of 67 authors on 

 various phases of grafting is appended. 



Formerly it was l)elieved that grafted scions lost none of their own characteristics 

 and acquired no Jiew ones from the stocks on which they were grafted. Recent 

 experiments indicate that these views must lie modified. The author notes that a 

 student t)f his grafted l)y approach La France, a very double rose, with Panachee 

 d'Orlcans a semidou])le rose. As a result, the roses grown on the grafted branch 

 of La France were semidouble, while on all the other branches of La France only 

 the very d(nil)le roses appeared. The author grafted a large red tomato on an egg- 

 plant having long violet fruits. The resulting tomatoes changed their shajie entirely 

 and took on an elongated form like that of the eggplant fruit. The converse graft 

 produced 3 kinds of fruit — long, smooth, and slightly pyriform like the normal; 

 smooth, ovoid fruits, and fruits slightly flattened like the tomatoes The Berga- 

 motte Esperen variety of pears, which has a rounded form, became more elongated 

 after grafting on the Cure, a variety having a fusiform shape. Entirely new varie- 

 ties produced by grafting are also noted. The Sylphide rose budded on Homcre 

 produced stems with less thorns than either parent, leaves intermediate in size 

 between the two, and blooms intermediate in size and color. Like results with 

 other varieties of roses are also noted. The flavor of Belgian Kidney beans was con- 

 siderably modified l)y grafting on another vigorous growing variety (Haricot de Sois- 

 sons). A nundjer of variations in stem, pith, etc., occurred w^hen Helianthus Ixtiflo- 

 rus was grafted on Jerusalem artichoke {H. tuberosus) and common sunflower 

 [H. annuus). Hedge mustard {AUiaria officinalis) when grafted on cabbage lost 

 much of its characteristic odor. Cabbage having an elongated conical head when 

 grafted on a variety having a flattened round head in some instances took the form 

 of the latter. When privet {Ligastrum ucalifoliam), with persistent leaves, was 

 grafted on the lilac it regularly thereafter shed its leaves in the fall like the lilac. 

 The foxy taste of certain American grapes has been eliminated by grafting on vines 

 not showing this characteristic. 



The author shows that hybrids produced by grafting can be fixed and propagated 

 true to kind. Thus the variety of jiotato Edouard Lefort, produced by grafting 

 together Marjolin and Imperator, and partaking of the character of each, reproduces 

 itself true to kind. A liardy and improved \ariety of forage cabbage was secured by 

 grafting a rather tender sort of kohl-ralji on a very hardy form of head cabbage. 

 The hyljrid form produced was more hardy, more resistant to disease, and a better 

 forage plant than either parent, and had a form somewhat intermediate lietween the 

 two. These characters were transmitted through the seed and became permanent 

 thereafter from seed. Variations in tomatoes olitaiued by grafting have been more 

 or less completely preserved in the seed. 



Other interesting results, showing the variations obtained in grafting wild and cul- 

 tivated carrots, various beans', peppers, eggplants, etc., are also recorded. 



From the experiments and observations cited the author draws the conclusion that 

 asexual hybridization is neither constant, nor regular, nor very frequent. In its 

 results it is somewhat similar to cross pollination, but has a wider application, and 

 the resulting forms obtained are less constant in character. Grafting is not always a 

 certain means of perpetuating variations, although it generally is. Grafting itself 

 may occasion variation which in turn can be fixed by grafting. 



In order to produce a given variation by grafting or to add to a plant a character 

 which it lacks, it is necessary to graft it on another plant which is superior to it 

 in the quality sought. Thus in the case of the forage cabbage mentioned above, 

 hardiness was obtained in a variety of kohl-rabi by grafting it on one of the hardiest 

 forms of head cabbage. In grafting hybrid vines to secure a desired character, it is 

 necessary to graft together 2 vines having common blood in such proportions that 



