ENTOMOLOGY. 779 



deaux niixtiire, copper-soila mixture, and copper .«ul{>hate and soft soap. For most 

 purposes the Boi deaux mixture whicii consists of Gibs, of copper sulphate, 4 lbs. of 

 lime, and 50 gal. of water is preferred. In order to increase the adhesiveness and 

 spreading power of the fungicide good results have been obtained where 1 lb. of sal- 

 ammoniac, saltpeter, or salt was added to every 50 gal. of Bordeaux mixture. 



ENTOMOLOGY. 



Insects notably injurious in 1902, F. Jj. \Vashburn {Minnesota Sfa. Bui. 77, 

 j)j>. 74, pf"- •'^ ./'.'/•'-■• ■'-^)- — Notes are given on the distribution of the Hessian fly in 

 Minnesota. In combating this insec-t it is recommended that stu1)ble be burned or 

 plowed under and that screenings from thrashing machines should be fed or burned 

 immediately. It is also recommended that wheat should not l)e planted on the same 

 ground for 2 years in succession. The chinch bug is said to be distributed chiefly in 

 the southern portion of the State. Attempts to destroy this insect in small experi- 

 mental plats of wheat by sowing millet as a trap crop and by fumigation with bisul- 

 phid of carbon were unsuccessful. Spraying with kerosene emulsion killed a large 

 percentage of the bugs. The use of parasitic fungi in killing chinch bugs has ])een 

 abandoned on account of the inefficiency of this method. For preventing attacks of 

 the insects the use of tar bands or furrows provided with post holes at regular inter- 

 vals is recommended. 



The chief grasshopper injuries during the year were due to Mdanoplxs ailaiiis. A 

 number of other species were somewhat injurious. The author recommends the pas- 

 sage of a law compelling all landowners to plow under all stubble found to contain 

 grasshopper eggs. Large numbers of grasshoppers were destroyed by the use of hop- 

 perdozers. Notes are given on the methods of constructing these machines. Men- 

 tion is made of a number of insect, bird, and other enemies of grasshoppers. The 

 chief bird enemies in Minnesota are prairie chickens, hawks, blackbirds, croM's, and 

 meadow larks. 



Attempts to prevent the attacks of horn fly by means of rancid lard were ineffective. 

 Lard mixed with oil of pennyroyal, oil of Eucalyptus, or with pyrethrumor kerosene 

 proved to be effective for 2 or 3 days. Fish oil is even more effective but is not recom- 

 mended for dairy cows on account of its disagreeable odor. 



Harpcdus pennsylvanicus is reported as injuring strawberries. It is suggested that 

 the beetles may be caught by means of lantern traps. Lawns were quite badly 

 injured by Lachnosterna rugosa. For treatment of lawns, fumigation with bisulphid 

 of carbon is recommended. This may be accomplished by means of a small air-tight 

 box. Notes are also given on woolly aphis, alder blight, stalk borer, Ligyrus gibhosn-t, 

 mosquitoes, cockroaches, carj)et beetles, blister beetles, plum gouger, tarnished plant 

 bug, melon aphis, corn louse, and New York weevil. Experiments with kerosene 

 in coml)ating mosquitoes were only partly successful. It was found that Phinotas 

 oil in the proportion of 1 part to 12,000 p it^ of water killed the larva? and pupie of 

 mosquitoes. 



Notes on injurious insects, (t. LtJSTNER(J5ej'. A'. Lehranst. Wein, Ohst,u. Garienbau, 

 Geisnihrini, 1901, pp. 161-174, Jigs. 7). — -The author calls attention to a number of 

 observations which haVe been made on the subject of tiie influence of severe winters 

 upon the numbers and multiplication of injurious insects. During the past few years 

 ZcpJms rompressus and BInstodaaia hellerelld have been unusually injurious to various 

 fruit trees. Boarmia gemmaria is noted as an important enemy of grapevines, and 

 notes are also given on Calocampa exolela and on lantern traps for use in catching 

 injurious insects. 



Insects and their relation to agriculture, W. E. Britton {Connecticut Sltile Bd. 

 Age. Rpl. 1901, pp. 193-207). — Brief notes on the damages caused by insects, on bene- 



21781— No. 8—03 5 



