ENTOMOLOGY. 781 



obtained from the use of kerosene emulsion containing 1 part of oil to H parts of 

 water emulsified with whale-oil soap at the rate of i lb. per gallon of oil. During 

 experiments in winter treatment of the scale 6 forms of remedies were tried: Lime- 

 sulphur-salt wash prepared according to 3 formuhe, kerosene emulsion, whale-oil 

 soap, and hyilrocyanic-acid gas. All of these remedies gave satisfactory results, ])ut 

 the best treatment was found to be the application of a lime-sulphur wash, in the 

 proportion of .dO Ujs. lime and 15 lbs. sulphur in water sufficient to make 30 gal. 



liime, salt, and sulphur -wash, J. B. Smith {New Jersey Slas. Bui. 162, pp. 8,fi(j>t. 

 2). — The author presents a brief historical account of the use of California wash in 

 the eastern States. Experiments conducted by fruit growers in New Jersey indicate 

 that for moderately infested trees this remedy is as effective as any other which can 

 l)e used. < >n some badly infested trees the wash did not prove as effective as could 

 have been desired. The formula u.sed in New Jersey is as follows: Lime 50 lbs., 

 sulphur 50 lbs., salt 50 lbs., water 150 gal. It is recommended that the application 

 be made in late winter' or early spring before the trees have started to grow, and it 

 is believed that there is no advantage in spraying twice a year. 



The effect of carbon bisulphid upon scale insects, especially the San Jose 

 scale, J. MoKiTZ [Arb. K. < jesiindhell.sfnnte, Biol. Abt., 3 {1902), No. 2, }ip. 130-137).— 

 In this series of experiments the author made use of imported American apples which 

 were infested with San Jose scale. The apples were fumigated in a zinc-lined 

 chest. As a result of experiments with carbon bisulphid it was found that at tem- 

 peratures varying from 15.4 to 21.5° C. this substance killed from 75 to 100 per cent 

 of the scale insects and eggs when allowed to operate for from 2 hours and 5 minutes 

 to 5 hours and 25 minutes, at a strength represented by 0.9 gm. to 2.3 gm. per liter 

 of space. Observations made on infested apples indicated that San Jose scale might 

 remain in a living t'ondition for an indefinite period on apples maintained in storage 

 at a temperature varying from 11.5 to 14.5° C. 



Experiments concerning' the effect of hydrocyanic-acid gas on scale insects, 

 especially upon the San Jose scale, J. Mokitz {xirb. K. Gesundlieiisamte, Biol. 

 Abt.,3 {1902), No. 2, pp. 138-147). — Experiments were conducted with hydrocyanic- 

 acid sas upon a number of fruit trees received from Japan and upon American apples 

 infested with San Jose scale. The fruit trees and apples were fumigated in a zinc- 

 lined box containing 308 liters of space. It was found during these experiments that 

 when 3 to 6 gm. of cyanid of potash was used and when the generated gas was allowed 

 to operate for from 1 to 2 hours at different temperatures the treatment proved insuffi- 

 cient for destroying all of the San Jose scale. It is believed, therefore, that further 

 experiments nmst be tried before the reliability of this treatment for destroying San 

 Jose scale can be determined. 



Instructions for the treatment of San Jose scale, W. M. Scott {Georgia State 

 Ed. Ent. Bnl. 5, pp. 12, fig. 1). — The author presents in a brief form the recommen- 

 dations previously made (E. S. R., 14, p. 589), together with certain additional 

 suggestions. It was found that the California wash is exceedingly effective in 

 destroying the San Jose scale, and that next to this remedy petroleum oils are most 

 effective. 



The Indian wax scale as an orchard pest, and its control, \V. W . Ero(;gatt 

 and W. J. Allex {Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 13 {1902), No. 9, pp. 919-922, pi. 1).— 

 Notes are given on the biology and economic relations of Ceroplastes cenferus which 

 attacks the blackthorn bushes of Australia, as well as persimmon tr^es and other 

 economic trees. A number of fruit growers have been successful in destroying these 

 scale lice by spraying with a solution ot washing soda. When used in the propor- 

 tion of li lbs. to 4 gal. of water the wasliing soda destroys the scale and causes no 

 damage to the foliage. Experiments were also conducted for destroying this insect 

 by tumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas. (ireat success is reported from the use of 

 this remedy. Some ttees w Inch were badly infested were apparently freed from the 

 pest. Brief notes are also added on funngation for red scale and other scale insects. 



