^^ETERINARY SCIE]S"CE AND PRACTICE. 917 



perhaps equally great. It is difficult to acclimate the organism to carnivora, espe- 

 cially to adult dogs. Anthrax bacillus from sheep is of medium virulence and is not 

 pathogenic for adult dogs, even when ino'^'ulated in large doses. Some cultures of 

 the bacillus from cattle are much more virulent than others. Succe.ssive passages of 

 anthrax bacillus of weak virulence through rats, beginning with very young rats and 

 ending with adult specimens, has the effect of greatly increasing the virulence. The 

 vitality and virulence of antlirax Ijacillus are modified by antiseptics. These modi- 

 fications vary according to the origin of the l>acil]us and the nature of the antiseptics. 

 Cultures which have been maintained in a laboratory for a long time appear to be 

 more susceptible than fresh cultures. 



The influence of the tanning process upon anthrax spores, 11. Kessler 

 {Inaug. Diss., Inir. Wurzburg, 1902, pp. 31). — A study was made of the effect of the 

 various chemicals and processes used in tanning leather upon anthrax spores which 

 hai>pen to be present upon the skin. As a result of these investigations it was found 

 that chemicals and processes in common use can not be said to destroy all of the 

 anthrax spores upon the skins. While a portion of the spores are induced to germi- 

 nate during the softening process to which the skins are subjected, other spores are 

 formed during the same process, so that future treatment must be calculated to 

 destroy spores if the skins are to be rendered perfectly sterile. Solutions of caustic 

 lime were found insufficient to destroy anthrax spores during the period of time 

 occupied ])y the tanning process. In some experiments it was found that the spores 

 withstood these solutions for periods of 12 to 17 days. The spores are easily 

 destroyed by a 1 per cent solution of formalin if allowed to operate for a period of 

 48 hours. 



An experiment in preventive vaccination for anthrax in the government 

 of Yaroslav in May and June, 1902, A. V. Dedyulin {Arcli. Yd. Nauk., St. 

 Pciersliiirg, S2 {1902), Xu. 10, pp. S6:.'-SS1). — In these experiments 2 vaccines were 

 used and the animals upon which the experiments were made were horses and cattle. 

 No death occurred among 125 horses and 579 cattle which were treated with a double 

 vaccine. 



The value of cooperation in the sanitary control of our periodic epizootics 

 of anthrax, W. H. Dalrvmple [Jour. Comp. Med. and Vet. Arch., 23 [1902), No. 8, 

 pp. 4S4-49S). — Historical notes are given on the outbreaks of anthrax in former times 

 and attention is called to the agency of birds, carnivorous animals, and insects in 

 spreading contagion. Notes are also given on other means of spreading the disease, 

 especially by carcasses of animals dead of anthrax, and by wool. The quarantine 

 and sanitary measures which are indicated in an outl)reak of anthrax are briefly 

 discussed. The method of preventing anthrax by vaccination is discussed at some 

 length. 



Preventive vaccination for anthrax in the Novoladozh region in 1901, 

 I. 0. GoRDZYALKOvsKi(.4rc7i. Vet.Nauh^St. Petersburg,32 {1902), No. 8, jyp. 653-663).— 

 A series of experiments was instituted for the purpose of determining the effective- 

 ness of vaccination in preventing anthrax. As a result of the author's experiments it 

 is concluded that wdien proper care is exercised in vaccinating animals, perfectly sat- 

 isfactory results may be detained from the vaccination of horses and cattle in north- 

 ern regions. The second vaccination, administered in doses of 0.25 cc, renders the 

 animals perfectly immune. Unsatisfactory results of vaccination experiments made 

 in 1889 are explained as due to the use of too virulent cultures or improperly grad- 

 uated doses. 



Experimental researches on blackleg, E. Leclainche and H.Valee {A)in. List. 

 Pasteur, 16 {1902), No. 12, pp. 931-939). — In this article the authors report the results 

 obtained froni a continuation of their studies on blackleg. A number of different 

 methods of vaccination were tried on cows and guinea pigs. Vaccination by a single 

 inoculation of pure vaccine more or less attenuated is experimentally possible but is 



