FORESTRY. 973 



mary of which has already been given (E. S. R., 14, p. 872). A discussion is given 

 of some of the enemies of the forest in wliich the destruction caused by fire, winds, 

 wasteful cutting, etc., is described. A lirief resume is given of forestry principles 

 and practices of the United States and a number of foreign countries, together with 

 the act of the legislature creating a bureau of forestry in Elaine. N'arious conclusions 

 are drawn from the investigations of the author, and reconuiu'iKlatioiis regarding 

 future lines of work are made. 



A study of the Maine spruce, R. S. Hosmek {Maine State Furcxt Comr. Rpt. 1902, 

 jip. 65-lOS, ph. 13, map l). — This work was carried on in connection with the Bureau 

 of Forestry of this Department, and a report is given of the spruce timber as observed 

 from a survey made in one of the counties of that State. The situation, topography, 

 and soils of the tract surveyed are described, and the forest is considered under dif- 

 ferent types of swamp, flats, slopes, etc. The method of reproduction of tlie si)ruce 

 is described at some length and estimates made regarding the present stand, rate of 

 growth, and future yield. Associated with the spruce are various hard woods, and 

 suggestions are given for the hnnbering of tliese as well as of the spruce. A list is 

 appended of the trees and shru))S oljserved associated in tiie spruce forests. The 

 conclusions of the author relating to the handling of thoe spruce forests are sum- 

 marized and the author believes that practical forestry may be advantageously intro- 

 duced to supply continually the demands of pulp and sawmills. For this purpose 

 working plans will be needed for different regions. In conservative lundiering the 

 author believes that cuttings should be limited to trees of considerable diameter. 

 This will leave the forest in better condition after lund)ering than when a smaller 

 limit is used, but the diameter limit will be found subject to modification as a result 

 of the character of the forests and the re<iuirements of the owners. The liard woods 

 sliould be lumbered wherever possible, both on account of their present value and 

 the improvement to the forest caused by their removal. 



Distribution of plants in forest regions, W. M. Munson {Maine State Forest 

 Comr. Rpt. 1902, pp. 111-124, jil.s. 4). — Some of the methods of seed distribution are 

 described, and the distribution as affected by modifications of fruits and seeds is 

 shown. The effect of winds, water, birds, and other animals as agents in seed dis- 

 tribution is indicated, and the limitations of time and environment in the produc- 

 tion of forest species are shown. It is said that a natural succession of forests is due 

 to changed natural conditions, and the succession may be rapid as when an area is 

 swept by fire, or it may be the result of gradual encroachment of more dominant 

 species. 



Management of pulp wood forests, A. C'arv {^Laine State Fared Comr. Rpt. 

 1902, pp. 125-144, pis. 12). — An account is given of the management of the pulp 

 wood forests by the Berlin Mills Company, and notes are given on some of the insect 

 and fungus pests which threaten the destruction of the spruce tind)er. The princi- 

 pal injury is due to the bark beetle { Dendroctonus piceaperda). The habits of tlie 

 insect are described and practical remedies suggested for preventing its ra\ages. 

 Notes are also given on other insects as well as on the fungus Pobiporas volratux, 

 which is frequently found growing out of spruce bark. 



The regeneration of woods from seed naturally or artificially sown, A. C. 

 Forbes (Trans. Eugli.'^h Arbor. Soc, 5 {1902-3), pi. 2, pp. 239-210, ph. ;?).— The 

 author discusses the natural regeneration of forests and their formation from seed 

 sown either naturally or artificially, as distinguished from plantations made from 

 nursery-grown trees. The comparative advantages of sowing and planting are con- 

 trasted and the species adapted to sowing are indicated. Among the conditions nec- 

 essary for successful natural regeneration of deciduous species the author claims that 

 there should be present sufficient seed-bearing trees, the surface soil should be clean 

 and porous, with an absence of large (juantities of raw hinnus, the seed should be 

 covered by the soil, the seedUngs should be protected from injury, and there should 



