HORTICULTURE. 1073 



the \ari()us ])n)bleiHS in\iil\c(l in cdld storage. Calcium t'hlorid i>< ln-licve'd to be a 

 inucli better .solution for j)rodueiug cold than common salt, and it lias the further 

 advantage of not freezing at even 50° below zero. A 30 per cent solution will freeze 

 at about 54° below zero. For ice making, where a brine temperature of 10 to 20° F. 

 is carried in a tank, a brine ranging from 12 to 18 per cent is all that is required. 



Some remarks on the canning- industry, and details of processing fruits 

 and vegetables, AV. B. Alwood ( Ylrijiiiiii State Ilort. Sue. Jipt. 190J, pp. 203-216). — 

 A discussion of the importance of the canning industry, buildings and equipment, 

 contracting for growth and delivery of crops, principles underlying the processing of 

 canned goods, germs which cause fermentation and putrefaction, critical tcnq)er- 

 atures, and crops commonly canned in Virginia. 



Report of the Nova Scotia School of Horticulture, F. V. Skaks {lipt. Sec. 

 Agr., Nova Scotia, 1902, pt. 1, pp. 70-90, figs. <s'). — A brief njport is given of the work 

 of the school during the year, with lists of orchard fruits and of the principal trees 

 and shrubs, including climbers, roses, etc., planted at the school, and an account of 

 various experiments in orchard culture and the treatment of apple canker. Crimson 

 clover and tares have been found very effective orchard cover crops, as well as 

 alfalfa. Twelve model orchards have been established in as many different counties 

 in the province <luring the year. In 5 of these orchards experiments were made in 

 cutting back the fruit trees at the time of setting in the orchard. Five trees in each 

 orchard were pruned in the usual way and 5 allowed to grow without pruning. 

 The results for the season were generally in favor of cutting back the limbs at the 

 time of setting in the orchard. Some data are given showing the number of trees of 

 different varieties of apples affected by canker, from which it appears that Ribston 

 Pippin, Nonpareil, and King of Tompkins are spec^ially sul)ject to this disease. 



The American carnation; how to grow it, C. W. Ward {Neiv York: A. T. Dc 

 La Mare l'riiitln<j and I'tOi. Co., Ltd., lUO:], pp. 290, ph. n, fiiis. 94). — This is a com- 

 lirehensive work on the culture of carnations in America. A'arious chapters deal 

 witli the origin and early history of the carnation, soils, fertilizers, greenhouse and 

 field culture, diseases and insect pests, greenhouse heating and management, raising 

 carnations from seed, cross breeding, etc. Sketches are given of methods of carna- 

 tion culture in different sections of the countr}-, with brief l)iogrophical sketches of 

 10 proniinont carnation growers in those sections. 



Breeding hybrid carnations, 0. W. Ward {Proc. Neir Jersey State Ilort. Soc, 

 2S [190.3), pp. 227-233). — The author secured better results by breeding between 

 varieties originating from a common source than between varieties of widely 

 different origin. Working along this line, colors were definitely fixed and finally 

 bred upon plants of definite habits of growth and freedom of bloom. The first 

 colors fixed in the author's work were of the crimson varieties General (lomez. 

 General Maceo, Governor Roosevelt, President Roosevelt, Octai'oon, Creole Beauty, 

 etc. For the purpose of systematic work, carnations were divided by the author 

 into 10 different groups based on color. The crimson section has been so well fixed 

 that good varieties can be produced from seed. Experimental crossing in the pink 

 and white sections has resulted in fixing these sections fairly well, but attempts to 

 fix the yellow and white variegated type, as well as the fancy and purple and blue 

 sections, have not been very successful. The greater number of plants grown from 

 cross-fertilized seed contain the <lominant characteristics of both parents. In many 

 instances 90 to 95 per cent of the seedlings held to the dominant color, and in some 

 cases even 100 per cent held true to the color of both parents. 



So far as the author has been able to judge "the pollen parent, ajjparently, has 

 no positive determinating influence ujion the color, the color of the seed parent pre- 

 vailing fully as much in the progeny as that of the pollen parent. But where the 

 desired color predominates in several generations of the ancestry of both parents it is 

 comparatively easy to reproduce it. The seed jilant also apparently has no positive 

 determinating influence upon the habit." 



