DISEASES OF PLANTS. 1089 



with bitter rot, and the check trees wliich were not sprayed gave 44.94 2>er cent. 

 The variety Huntsman, which is particularly susceptible to disease, was given a 

 somewhat similar treatment. Trees sprayed 4 times before the appearance of the 

 rot and twice afterwards yielded a crop 54.76 per cent of which w.as infected witli the 

 bitter rot. Trees sprayed twice after the rot appeared had 83.54 per cent of their 

 fruit affected, while those not sprayed were attacked, to the extent of 89.27 per cent. 



In the other orchards the effect of treatment after the appearance of the disease 

 was investigated. In one the trees of the Ben Davis variety sprayed 5 times after 

 the disease had become fully established gave a crop 48.26 per cent of which waa 

 affected. Those whic-h were sprayed 3 times after the disease was established were 

 affected to the extent of 59.96 per cent, and the check trees 68.53 per cent. In the 

 third orchard where Willow Twig trees were sprayed the percentage of infection was 

 57.82 per cent on trees si)rayed 5 times after the disease appeared, 62.34 per cent on 

 those sprayed 3 times after tlie apjiearance of the disease, and 63.81 per cent upon 

 the nonsprayed trees. 



From these experiments the conclusion is drawn that it is possil)le by the use of 

 Bordeaux mixture to reduce the amount of bitter rot to less than 4 per cent in 

 orchards where nearly 45 per cent of the fruit of unsprayed trees were affected. 

 Applications should be made before the first appearance of the disease to be of the 

 greatest value, although those made after the bitter rot had become established were 

 not without some effect. The fruit should be well covered with the Bordeaux mix- 

 ture and this can only be secured by several successive applications of the fungicide. 

 The investigations for spraying are to be continued during the present year. 



Apple canker, F. C. Sears ( Nora Scotia School Hort. Rpt. 1901-2, j>p. 17-20, figs. 

 2). — A description is given of apple-tree canker, and results of treatment for its pre- 

 vention are shown. Based upon his investigations the author recommends the 

 cutting out of the cankers and painting over the exposed surface with copper sulphate 

 foll( >wed liy some heavy paint. 



Report of the laboratory of vegetable pliysiolog-y and fermentations, H. 

 MfLLEK-TnuRGAU {Jahreshev. Vevn. Stat. u. Schnle, Wddensweil, 1S99-190J, pp. 66- 

 94)- — A report is given of investigations on frost injuries to fruit trees and grapes, 

 the INIonilia disease of stone fruit trees in which the twigs suffered severe injury, the 

 browning or scorching of graj^e stock due to attacks of Pseudopeziza tracheiphUa, test- 

 ing wine ferments, on the fermentation of tannin-free pear must, and on the affec- 

 tions to which various wines are subject. Two papers by A. Osterwalder on the 

 morphology of some species of Saccharomyces used in fermenting fruit wines and 

 the formation of sulphureted hydrogen in fruit and grape wines are added. 



Two diseases of vanilla, (i. Delacroix {Reprint from Bui. Soc. My col. France, 

 18 {1902), No. 3, pp. 14, figs. 2). — A description is given of 2 fungus diseases of 

 vanilla, the first of which has previously been attributed to Calospora vanilhr and 

 the second to Uromyces joffrini. According to the author, the fungus causing the first 

 disease is a form of Gloeospormm or Colletotriclium vaulUiv. It causes considerable 

 injury to the vanilla plants, and for its prevention spraying with Bordeaux mixture 

 or similar fungicide is recommended, care being taken to prevent the fungicide from 

 coming in contact with the fruits. The second disease described produces a rust of 

 vanilla and so far has not proved of any particular injury. 



At the conclusion of this paper the author describes the development of Glaospo- 

 rium inu.'iariuii, a fungus which causes a l)lackening of the banana fruit. 



The gooseberry mildew in Europe, E. S. Salmon {Jour. Hoy. Hort. Soc. \_Lon- 

 doii], 27 {1902), pt. 2-3, pp. 596-601, fig. 1). — A review is given of the occurrence and 

 and distribution of the goosel)erry mildew Sphxrotheca mors-urx. This disease seems 

 to be widely spread throughout northern p]urope and there is apparently evidence 

 to show that- the fungus is endemic in Russia and possibly elsewhere. Since the 

 first report of the outbreak of this disease it has appeared in widely separated dis- 



