ENTOMOLOGY. 1095 



that the sohition ol^tained from the first apphcation to the dried wasli killed all the 

 scales, while that obtained 6 days later killed only 10 to 13 per cent. 



In testing the effect of an excessive amount of precipitates upon the scale the author 

 found that the precipitates exercised a pronounced mechanical effect, while soluble 

 ingredients killed the scales immediately. The authors found by experiments that 

 the solution due to a falling of rain upon the wash upon the trees destroyed scales 

 which had not been touched by the first application. The effect of the precipitates 

 in the wash without the soluble ingredients was most marked on the young scales, 

 while the adults were but little affected. In these experiments 50 apples were used, 

 the number of scales varying from 1 adult and 11 young to 03 adults and 1,250 young 

 on each apple. In the test of lime-sulphur compounds as a summer treatment, ])each 

 and pear trees were sprayed on June 14. The leaves were nearly all killed, but new 

 leaves formed and a good crop was produced. The scales were all destroyed. Simi- 

 lar results were obtained in experiments with plum trees. It was found possible to 

 produce a lime-sulphur wash without boiling, by slaking lime, adding sulphur in the 

 form of a dust to the lime while slaking, and then adding caustic soda to the mixture. 

 This insecticide promises to prove satisfactory. 



The authors exi^erimented with a number of other washes, including resin wash 

 according to the California formula and the station formula, lime-water-kerosene 

 wash, ammonia-casein wash, lime-sulphur-salt wash and casein, lime-sulphur-salt 

 wash using the liquid only, lime-sulphur-salt wash and Bordeaux mixture, and 

 potash-sulphur wash. Of all these mixtures the linie-sulphur-salt and Bordeaux 

 mixture gave the best results, and this is of practical importance on account of its 

 combining both insecticidal and fungicidal properties. This mixture was obtained 

 by making lime-sulphur-salt wash in the usual way, to which 1 lb. copper sulphate 

 was added to 11 gal. of the mixture. The authors conclude as a result of their 

 experiments that no special apparatus is required for the application of the lime- 

 sulphur-salt wash, that the wash does not readily spread, and hence should be 

 applied carefully, that the application should be made a short time before the buds 

 liegin to swell, and that this wash is a highly effective and safe treatment for trees 

 infested with San Jose scale. 



Spraying for the San Jose scale ■with the lime-sulphur-salt and other 

 washes, F. H. Hall, V. H. Lowe, and P. J. Parrott {Xew York Slate Sla. Bid. 228, 

 popahir id., pp. 8). — A popular summary of the above bulletin. 



Orchard treatment for the San Jose scale, H. T. Fernald {Massachusetts 

 Sla. Bid. 86, pp. 15). — In the fall of 1901 the station orchard was found to be badly 

 infested with San Jose scale. The orchard consisted of apple, pear, cherr}-, peach, 

 plum, i)rune, and quince trees, num])ering 612 in all. On the following March 27 

 treatment was begun and was continued until Ajjril 14. No injurious effects to the 

 trees were produced l>y any of the different methods of treatment. The method of 

 determining results consisted in inspecting the trees as soon as the first young larv;v 

 appeared, June 23, followed by a reinspection every week or two during the summer 

 and fall. A potash- whale-oil soap, used at the rate of 2 lbs. to a gallon of water, 

 freed only 28.12 per cent of the trees from the scale. Another potash-whale-oil soap 

 gave better results, freeing 52.6 per cent from the scale. A whale-oil-tobacco soap 

 was ])erfectly effective in 53.8 per cent of cases, while the following percentages of 

 effectiveness were obtained by the other insecticides: Insect soap, 40.7 per cent; 

 agricultural soap, 33J per cent; crude petroleum in a 30 per cent mixture with water, 

 43.2 i)er cent; kerosene in a 36 percent mixture with water, 44.4 per cent; lime- 

 sulphur-salt wash, 65.6 per cent. The relative cost of materials per tree was as 

 follows: F'umigation, 8 cts. ; potash-whale-oil soap, 8 cts. ; potash-whale-oil-tobacco 

 soap, 9 cts.; agricultural soap, 4 cts.; crude petroleum, 4 cts.; kerosene, A\ cts.; 

 lime-sulphur-salt wash, 5 cts. ; insect soap, 12 cts. A few badly infested trees were 

 sprayed July 2 with 10 per cent kerosene, and good results were obtained. A major- 



