192 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 



morning and evening milkings was 10.8 hours, and between the evening and morn- 

 ingmilkinga 13.2 hours. 



Analyses of this character have been made at the same laboratory foraseriea of 

 years and the results have sometimes been quoted as representing the average com- 

 position of milk in England. As this, however, has sometimes been disputed, the 

 author considers I he possibility of the samples analyzed being of exceptional quality. 

 Milk coming from farms located on cretaceous formations showed a slightly higher 

 percentage of fat than the milk from farms located on sandstone and clay formations, 

 but the difference is not believed to be marked enough to permit of any sweeping 

 assertions. .The difference in the intervals between milkings, noted above, is also 

 referred to as a cause of some samples being low in fat. 



The author also discusses the views of Storch concerning the existence of a mucoid 

 membrane surrounding fat globules, and concludes that the theory must be consid- 

 ered as disproved. 



Contribution to the study of slowly creaming milks, L. Marcas (Rev. Gen. 

 Lait, 3 (1904), No. 16, pp. 361-368). — Samples of slowly creaming milk allowed to 

 separate spontaneously in the separator and also subjected to centrifugal separation, 

 left in both cases more fat in the skim milk than did ordinary milk. As a general 

 thing, the samples of slowly creaming milk examined were richer in fat, total solids, 

 and ash than the average milk furnished the dairy at which the investigations were 

 made. Of the constituents in the ash, phosphoric acid and lime especially were 

 increased. 



On the breaking- up of globules of fat in milk, C. Barthel ( Rev. G&n. Lait, 3 

 (1904), No. 19, pp. 434-440). — Milk subjected to strong mechanical action has been 

 reported to cream less perfectly and to give much greater differences between the 

 Adams and Gottlieb methods of analysis than the same milk not subjected to such 

 agitation. 



The author believes that this difference is due to the breaking up of the fat globules 

 into still finer globules, and in this article reports countings of the number of glob- 

 ules, both before and after churning for different periods ranging from 5 to 90 min- 

 utes. The number of globules increased in some instances from about 3 million to 

 11 million per cubic centimeter. Determinations of the percentage of fat by the 

 Adams method showed a corresponding decrease, while the percentage determined 

 by the Gottlieb method remained practically constant. 



It is believed that the Gottlieb method might well be adopted universally as a stand- 

 ard method for the determination of fat in milk. 



Investigations on the membrane surrounding fat globules in milk, W. 

 Voltz (Arch. Physiol. [Pfluger], 102 (1904), No. 8-9, pp. 378 r 4U) .—Chemical inves- 

 tigations extending over a series of years are reported in detail, from which the 

 author concludes that the fat globules possess a firm membrane containing nitroge- 

 nous and nonnitrogenous organic compounds, lime, phosphoric acid, magnesia, and 

 sulphur, the proportions of the different constituents varying greatly in the different 

 kinds of milk under investigation. 



The proportion of nitrogen to ash ranged from 1:0.09 to 1: 14.7; the proportion of 

 organic substances to ash, 1:0.01 to 1:0.86; nitrogen to phosphorus, 100:0.15 to 

 100: 15.5; and ash to phosphoric acid, 100:0.34 to 100:48.43. The author also reports 

 staining the membrane with carbol-fuchsin. The individual globules showed great 

 variation in the intensity with which the membrane was stained. The membrane 

 did not appear to be homogeneous, and at times appeared in the form of a network. 



On the origin of lactose, C. Porcher (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sri. Paris, 138 (1904), 

 No. 13, pp. 833-836). — In order to determine whether lactose is formed in the animal 

 body before reaching the mammary gland or is formed in the gland itself, the author 

 removed the mammary glands of 2 goats and examined the urine before and after 

 parturition. 



