466 EXPERIMENT STATION R2C0RD. 



direction of the branch. Some vigorous trees are summer pruned and the formation 

 of fruit-bearing twigs thus encouraged. It is believed that trees thus pruned are 

 much more capable of resisting sun scald, drought, and wind storms than where the 

 branches arc not shortened in and the tree allowed to develop into long branches 

 which bend and break when heavily loaded with fruit. 



Pruning, W. J. Allen (Agr. Qaz. New South Wales, 15 {1904), No. 8, pp. 798-800, 

 figs. 3) .—Illustrations are given of the difference in appearance and the more fruit- 

 fulness of apples and pears when well pruned than when allowed to grow naturally. 

 On the unpruned trees the bulk of the fruit is borne far out on the ends of straggling 

 branches which are thus bent to the ground. In order to prevent the trees from being 

 broken it is necessary to remove a large quantity of the fruit or to prop up the limbs. 

 On well-pruned trees the limbs are sturdy and upright and the fruit is borne close to 

 the body of the tree and no props are needed. 



The stub-root system of tree planting- (Amer. Agr., 74 (1904), No. 17, pp. 345, 

 346). — The experience of a number of orchardists who have planted fruit trees 

 according to the stub-root system of pruning are here recorded. J. S. Harris reports 

 that the system is not suited to the climate and soil of Kent County, Md. G. G. 

 Hitchings, who planted a block of 1,000 peach trees, every alternate row being 

 pruned according to the stub-root system, reports that the first year trees pruned in 

 the regular way started out better and kept ahead all the season. The second year, 

 however, the stub-root pruned trees did as well as the others, and it was difficult to 

 detect any difference in the appearance of the trees differently root pruned. Mr. 

 Hitchings' orchard is located in Onondaga County, N. Y. 



Experimental studies in arboriculture, L. Daniel (Jardin, 18 (1904), Nos.421, 

 pp. 268-270, figs. 4; 422, pp. 276-278, figs. 7). — The results are given of experiments 

 in pruning pear trees by a method which the author calls a onglet complet. This 

 method of pruning differs from the ordinary method in that the branch or shoot, 

 which would ordinarily be pruned off entirely, is left on the tree and all of the buds 

 on the branch are removed, including the top bud. 



As a result of this method of pruning all of the wounds on the branch heal over. 

 The branch remains alive for one or more seasons and requires a certain amount of 

 food for its nourishment. It acts, then, as a kind of parasite on the tree, reducing its 

 vigor. By this method of pruning it is claimed that more fruit is obtained than by 

 the ordinary method, the theory being that a reduction of vigor induces fruitfulness. 



A number of other phenomena caused by pruning a onglet complet, such as fascia- 

 tion, the conversion of leaf buds into flower buds, and the abnormal swelling of 

 certain shoots, due to bud growth, which takes place underneath the bark without 

 bursting through, and the appearance of a second and even third crop of flower buds 

 in the same season, are noted. Several of these abnormalities are illustrated. 



Thinning of orchard fruits, C. F. Austin (Rpt. Maryland State Hart. Soc, 5 

 (1902), pp. 110-116). — A discussion of this subject, with a review of the results 

 which have been secured at the experiment stations along this line with different 

 fruits. 



The apple industry in Tasmania, W. J. Allen (Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 

 15 (1904), No. 9, pp. 815-819, figs. 3). — An account of apple production in Tasmania, 

 with estimates as to the cost of preparing the land for orchards and the yield of fruit 

 which may be obtained upon an acre. The cost of clearing the land and planting 

 the trees is placed at about $400 per acre. When the orchard comes into bearing it 

 is estimated that the average yield will be about 300 cases per acre, which, after pay- 

 ing for all expenses of picking, packing, and marketing, should net about $150. 



The winterkilling of Baldwins, U. P. Hedrick (Nat. Nurseryman, 12 (1904), 

 No. 11, p. 141) .—The author calls attention to the failure of Baldwin apples in Michi- 

 gan. At the Agricultural College 3 plantings of Baldwins have been made, but there 

 is not now a bearing tree on the place, all having succumbed to the cold. The past 



