DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 503 



seed, manures, and fertilizers, the farm manures being charged at the rate of $1.50 

 per ton. The total yield of milk by the herd was 98,574 qt.,and thecostof the feed 

 (grain and coarse fodder) per quart of milk was 1.51 cts. The total cost of producing 

 milk, including the costof feed, of labor, and the interest on and decrease in the value 

 of the herd, amounted to 2.2(i cts. per quart, or $ 1.03 per 100 lbs. " At $1 per hun- 

 dred, the price received in many rural districts, the profits from the business, if any, 

 must be found in the manure." Allowing $1.50 per ton for the manure, in this case 

 there would be a profit of $482.26 from the 34 cows under the soiling system. 



At 3$ cts. per quart for the milk, the price which could have been received at 

 wholesale, the receipts would have amounted to $3,450.09; deducting from this the 

 cost of the purchased feeds, labor, interest, decrease in herd, etc., would leave a 

 balance of $1,877.24, which would represent the value of the home-grown crops. 

 Assuming that the dairyman does his own work, another calculation is made. 



Summarizing the record of the dairy herd for 7 years, "the average yield per cow 

 was 6,528 lbs. The average cost of food per cow per day was 12.35 cts., of which 

 6.41 cts., or 51.9 per cent., represents purchased feeds and 5.94 cts., or 48.1 per cent, 

 farm crops. The average cost per quart of milk for the seven years, including food, 

 labor, and interest and decrease in the value of the herd, is shown to be 2.37 cts." 



The dairy business in relation to soil exliaustion (pp. 377-379). — Tables are presented 

 showing the amount of fertilizing elements contained in the feeds purchased and in 

 the milk produced by the herd for 7 years, and bring out "a decided gain to the 

 farm in all the elements of fertility each year." It is shown that if all the milk 

 sold from the farm was obtained from foods grown on the farm, the exhaustion of 

 nitrogen would be in greater proportion than of the mineral elements, and that it 

 would be necessary to supply nitrogenous fertilizers in order to maintain the fertility. 



Records of the dairy herd (pp. 380-387). — The monthly record is given for each cow 

 for the year ended April 1, 1903, and from this record and the average composition 

 of the milk the yield of butter is calculated. The best cow produced 8,511.3 lbs. of 

 milk and the poorest cow 3,482.4 lbs., the average being 5,952.6 lbs. In butter pro- 

 duction the best cow produced 414.96 lbs. and the poorest 183.25 lbs., the average 

 for the herd being 302.4 lbs. 



"As in previous years, the facts brought out by this study indicate that but little 

 if any profit can be derived from a cow that does not produce 5,000 lbs. of milk per 

 year, particularly if the milk is sold at the low price of 1 ct. per pound. . . . The 14 

 cows yielding over 300 lbs. of butter paid for their food and $25.51, in addition to 

 skim milk and manure; while the manure and skim milk of the 12 cows yielding 

 less than 300 lbs. of butter represent the pay received for their care and the labor of 

 making the butter, with $6.11 additional." 



A study of the waste in handling and delivering milk during 7 years showed a 

 steady decrease, which in 1903 amounted to only 0.16 per cent. The decreased 

 waste is due largely to improved apparatus and greater care in handling the product. 

 " While the use of bottles increases the expense of delivery, due to extra weight on 

 the wagon, the extra work of cleaning and the breakage and loss of bottles, which 

 amounts to about 10 cts. per day for each 100 used, the decrease in waste, greater 

 cleanliness and better condition of the milk when delivered has more than offset this 

 extra cost." 



Cowpea hay r. purchased feeds (pp. 388-396). — In this experiment, which included 

 4 cows and continued for 36 days, 17 lbs. of cowpea hay was compared with a grain 

 ration of 4 lbs. of wheat bran, 3 lbs. of dried brewers' grains, and 2 lbs. of cotton-seed 

 meal, 36 lbs. of corn silage being fed with each ration. During the experiment 8.3 

 per cent more milk and 15.2 per cent more butter were produced upon the grain 

 than on the cowpea-hay ration, and all the cows tested higher in milk fat on that 

 ration. The cost of feed to produce 100 lbs. of milk was 39.8 cts. on the cowpea-hay 



