578 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 



quassia, resin and sal soda, kerosene emulsion, and mechanical mixtures of kerosene 

 and water were used. In winter the author tested the effects of kerosene emulsion, 

 kerosene and water, lye, lime and sulphur, lime-sulphur-salt solution, and an emul- 

 sion of crude oil. A lime and sulphur mixture prepared according to the 1-1-4 for- 

 mula gave good results from a single application. It proved more efficient than lye 

 solution and cheaper. 



A similar study was made of the woolly aphis, and notes are given on its appear- 

 ance, habits, and life history. In spraying for this pest the author used the whale- 

 oil-tobacco decoction, whale-oil soap solutions, whale oil and quassia, kerosene and 

 crude-oil emulsions, and kerosene and water. The crude-oil emulsion was found to 

 cause some injury when sprayed on the leaves. Kerosene emulsion used at the rate 

 of one part to 10 or 12 of water gave good results. The pear and cherry slug was also 

 studied and notes are given on its habits, life history, and natural enemies. Good 

 results were obtained in combating this pest by the use of Bordeaux mixture, soap 

 solutions, Paris green, white arsenic, buhach, and hellebore. 



The codling' moth, C. P. Lounsbury (Agr. Jour. Cape <t<>t>d Hope, 25 {1904), No. 

 4, pp. 401-406). — In Cape Colony the codling moth is believed to require about 2 

 months for its complete life cycle. Notes are given on the habits and life history of 

 this pest. The codling moth may be held in check by 3 or 4 applications of arsen- 

 ical sprays combined with the thorough use of bands. 



The woolly aphis, B. de la Grye (Bui. Soc. Nat. Agr. France, 64 (1904), No. 5, 

 -pp. 403-407) . — Brief biological and economic notes are given on woolly aphis, oyster- 

 shell bark-louse, Tortrix viridana, and Hyponomeuta pomoneUa. 



San Jose scale-insect experiments in 1904,W. E. Britton and B. H. Walden 

 (Connecticut State Sta. Bui. 146, pp. 32, ph. 4). — In the season of 1904 experiments 

 were made on over 4,000 fruit trees in testing the effects of various insecticides for 

 the control of the San Jose scale. 



Various materials were used in the preparation of these insecticides according to 

 15 formulas. Nearly all of the insecticides contained lime or sulphur in one form or 

 another. It is believed that if spraying be done before the first of December it may 

 be possible to kill some of the young scales at that time. Ordinarily about 25 per 

 cent of the San Jose scale are killed during the winter. A much greater number, 

 however, about 50 per cent, were killed during the past winter as a result of the un- 

 usually severe climatic conditions. These facts must be taken into consideration in 

 estimating the effects produced by different insecticides. 



The spraying experiments conducted by the authors were carried out in various 

 localities in different parts of the State. About 800 trees were treated in December 

 and 3,200 trees were sprayed in March and April. The trees suffered considerably 

 from the severe winter weather and this fact makes it impossible to express in exact 

 figures the effectiveness of the insecticides. Good results were obtained from both 

 fall and early winter spraying with both the boiled and unboiled lime and sulphur 

 mixtures. The boiled mixture of lime and sulphur in which as much or little more 

 lime than sulphur is used, is perhaps as efficient and cheap a remedy as has been 

 devised for ordinary orchard work. 



Among the mixtures which were prepared without boiling, potassium sulphid and 

 lime proved very effective but was rather expensive. Caustic soda failed to give sat- 

 isfactory results and its effect upon the skin renders it a disagreeable insecticide to 

 use. During the season about 100,000 fruit trees were sprayed by orchardists in 

 Connecticut with lime and sulphur mixtures. The results were very satisfactory. 



Fall spraying with sulphur washes, 1\ .1. Parrott and F. A. Sirrink (New 

 York State , Sta. Hal. 854, pj>- 317-337, pis. 6). — Experiments were carried out In 3 

 orchards located in Geneva and Queens, New York. The orchards included all the 

 common fruit trees, some of which were infested with San Jose scale and others not. 

 The time of application of the insecticides ranged from November is to 27. 



