ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 1111 



from that outside the skeleton. On the other hand, the iodin number of the fat 

 from the heart and from the bones was like that from the fat on the outer portion of 

 the body. The author regards the iodin number found for the bacon fat from the 

 pigs fed peanut oil, 71.2, as doubtful. 



On an average the heart and the heart fat of the pigs fed meat meal contained the 

 largest percentage of water. The pigs fed the ration containing sugar were the oidy 

 ones in which the amount of heart fat was considerably increased. In the case of 

 the meat-meal ration the total weight of heart fat was fairly high, but it contained a 

 high percentage of water and a low percentage of fat. The heart itself did not differ 

 much from that of pigs fed the normal ration. The heaviest heart was found in the 

 case of pigs fed peanut oil, but the author points out that it is uncertain whether this 

 was due to individuality or to the ration. This ration also produced the most lean 

 flesh. 



From the investigations as a whole the author considers it probable that a ration 

 very rich in carbohydrates tends to the production of fat in and around the heart, 

 while this is not the case with a ration rich in fat. 



Experiments with hand-fed calves, I). H. Otis (Kansas Sta. Bui. 126, pp. 163- 

 l!)8,figs. 14)-— ^kim milk with different supplements, skim milk substitutes, and 

 related topics are studied in the extended series of tests with calves. There was 

 usually 10 animals in a lot and the tests covered from 50 to 154 days, being on an 

 average not far from 120 days in duration. 



Considering 13 of the experiments in which skim milk was fed with grain and 

 coarse fodder, the average daily gain was 1.58 lbs. per head, a pound of gain requir- 

 ing 8.58 lbs. skim milk, 1.24 lbs. grain, and 3.87 lbs. coarse fodder. When calves 

 are worth, respectively, $3, *4, and $5 per 100 lbs. the author calculates, on the basis 

 of the experimental data presented, that the corresponding values for skim milk are 

 19, 31, and 4:1 cts. per 100 lbs. Taking account of the food and labor, the calculated 

 cost of raising a skim-milk calf is $7.43, or omitting the cost of labor, $5.30. It was 

 found that there was no difference between the gains made by the calves which con- 

 sumed their milk slowly from calf feeders and those drinking it rapidly from a pail. 

 The need of gradually substituting skim milk for whole milk is spoken of. 



In the individual tests, the majority of which are included in the average referred 

 to above, a number of questions were studied. It was found that calves fed whole 

 milk made an average daily gain of 1.86 lbs. per head in a period covering 154 days, 

 as compared with 1.51 lbs. in the case of a lot fed skim milk under much the same 

 conditions. In a somewhat shorter period calves running with their dams gained on 

 an average 1.77 lbs. per day. 



When the effect of adding rennet to skim milk was studied it was found that the 

 average daily gain with rennet was 1.37 lbs. and without it 1.34 lbs. A little more 

 grain and milk and a little less coarse fodder was consumed when rennet was not 

 used. Comparing buttermilk and skim milk, it was found that the gains were 

 respectively 1.79 lbs. and 2.02 lbs., 8.7 lbs. buttermilk being consumed per pound of 

 gain as compared with 7.S lbs. skim milk. "The experiment shows beyond a doubt 

 that calves can be successfully raised on buttermilk. In this experiment the butter- 

 milk calves had lc^s trouble from scours than the skim-milk calves." 



When whey was fed the average daily gain was 1.06 lbs. per head as compared 

 with 1.33 lbs. in a lot fed skim milk under practically the same conditions. At the 

 end of fi weeks the calves fed whey were strong and healthy and had good appetites. 

 From the results of this test and the experience of feeders in cheese-making districts 

 the author concludes that whey is a fairly satisfactory substitute for skim milk, pro- 

 vided it is combined with other foods and the calves are carefully watched. 



The average daily gain was 0.86 lb. per head when tea made from mixed hay was 

 fed with grain and coarse fodder, and 0.36 lb. when tea made from alfalfa hay was 

 fed with much the same amounts of grain and some skim milk in addition. The 



