ENTOMOLOGY. 69 



willows in tilt' vic'inily of (.'Inis sli<nil(l l)e cut ilownand dustroyt-d. Poi)lai>i and cot- 

 toiiwoods wliicli luiv*> Ikh-oiiu' hadly iiifeytetl should be cut <l()\vn in the I'arly autunui 

 and burned for firewood, so as to i)reveiit the escape of the insects. While the 

 caterj)illars are small and not deeply buried in the wood, they may be destroyed by 

 a knife or a wire. The entranci's to the )>urrows may be cleaned out and a wad of 

 cotton saturated with bisulphid of carbon inserted. Woodiieckers are mentioned 

 as feedinjj ui)on the caterj)illars to some extent. 



The codling moth or apple maggot [<iar<L Cliroii., .>'. .sr/-., j.'t {WOl), Ntt. 7')S,i 

 I'. 32, f(jx. ,i) . — Brief notes on the habits and life history of tins insect. For pre- 

 venting the caterpillars from crawling up the trees, the author recommends the 

 banding of trees with sacking. The bark of infested trees may be scraped and 

 treated with caustic solutions. 



The gypsy moth, S. Lamta [Mitlniolnix Ldiift K<jl. llnxli. Sn/lxk. (Jnirt., I'joo, Xo. 

 1, pp. I16-1J.1, pi. 1). — The author presents in a popular manner various details con- 

 cerning the appearance of this in.sect in its various stages, the injuries from serious 

 outbreaks, its life history and habit^i, its natural enemies, and the more effective 

 artificial remedies to l)e used for combating it. 



Orchard insects, H. Osbokn [Jour. Coliimlnis Hurt. Sue, IS {1900), Xo. 4, pp. 

 l4'-'-14^). — Economical and biological notes on the woolly aphis, round-headed 

 apj)le-tree borer, oyster-shell bark-louse, scurfy scale, San Jose scale, ajjple maggot, 

 and codling moth. 



Spring treatment for orchards infested Avith the San Jose scale, \V. il. Scott 

 {(iconjia , State Bd. Eid. Circ. o, ])p. 4, fiil- I)- — The treatment recommende<l by the 

 author includes two winter applications, one soon after the foliage falls, and the 

 other in late winter. Brief notes are given on digging uf) infested trees, kerosene 

 and water treatment, and the use of crude petroleum. 



Crude petroleum for the San Jose scale, INI. V. Slingekland [Rund New 

 Yorker, 59 (1900), Xo. 2649, p. 7S2) . — The author gives brief notes (jn the use of this 

 insecticide in spraying orchards. In one instance 1,000 large apple trees were 

 sprayed with about 500 gal. of crude petroleum in April. The oil was used in a 25 

 per cent solution, and the total ex])ense for thi' orchard was about $100. The appli- 

 cation was very effective in the destruction of the San Jose scale. 



Location of San Jose scale in Indiana, J. Troov (Indiana St(t. Rpl. 1900, p. 72). — 

 San Jose scale has been found in 17 counties within the State. A few counties are 

 ai>parently free from the insect, on account of the persistent efforts of fruit men to 

 destroy the scale and prevent its further introduction. 



Crude petroleum; the elm louse; the pear-leaf blister mite, J. M. Aldrich 

 (Idiihi) Sla. Bill. 26, pp. 1.5-24, Jiijx. 1). — The author experimented with connnercial 

 crude petroleum, jjnrchased in San Francisco, with a specific gravity of 0.954 and a 

 density of 16.8 Baume. It was found impossible to spray this oil undiluted, since 

 it was .«o gunnny that 75 lbs. pressure to the inch was not sufficient to break the oil 

 into a spray. The machines commonly used for making automatic mixtures of ker- 

 osene and water were useless for making mixtures of the crude oil and water. This 

 oil was found, however, to pass into emulsion with soapsuds more readily than with 

 kerosene. Spraying with emulsions for San Jose scale was made March 1 to 10, and 

 the trees were inspected on September 21 following. At that time it was found that 

 one large pear tree, which had l)een covered with a solid stream of pure petroleum, 

 bore more and larger fruit than adjacent trees of the same variety which were 

 not infested with the scale, and that the foliage was in good condition. One side 

 of an apple tree sprayed with undiluted petroleum died after leafing out, while the 

 other side, which was sprayed with a 50 per cent emulsion, was in good condition 

 and free from scale. Experiments were made with emulsions of crude petroleum 

 varying in strength from 3^ to 50 per cent. Branches of trees which had been 

 sprayed with 3^ per cent emulsion, examined soon after, revealed no living scales. 



