ENTOMOLOGY. 373 



is given of the means for preventing attacks of fungi and insects, and suggestions are 

 made for the protection, by spraying, of different fruits, vegetables, and ornamental 

 plants. Formulas and directions for preparation are given for the more important 

 fungicides and insecticides. 



The general treatment of insect pests, H. ^Iaxwell-Lefroy {Imp. Dcpt. Acjr. 

 West Indies, Pamphlet No. 5, 1901, pp. ^9).— A brief discussion of injurious insects, 

 giving general classification and an account of remedies and spraying apparatus 

 which have been found effective. Brief notes are also given on beneficial insects, 

 means of introduction of insect pests, and directions for collecting and forwarding 

 specimens. 



The resistance o2 the larval mosquito to cold, M. J. Wkk;ht [British Med. 

 Juur., 1901, Xo. 2102, Epit., pp. S82, 883).—l\\% observations reported in this article 

 were made on several species of Anopheles and Culex. At a temperature sufficiently 

 low to freeze a crust of ice on pools, the author observed mosquito larv;e in active 

 movement in such pools. In some cases the adult mosquitoes were emerging from 

 the nymph condition. Mosquito larvae kept in bowls and subjected to low tempera- 

 ture remained alive and active until the water was frozen into a solid mass. After 

 thawing out, some of them recovered their activity. The author believes that mos- 

 quitoes pass the winter chiefly in the larval stage. 



A preliminary note on the hibernation of mosquitoes, H. E. Annett and 

 J. E. PrxTOX (British Med. .fuur., 1901, Xo. 2104, Epit., p. 1013) . — This jiaper contains a 

 discussion of the question in what stage mosquitoes pass the winter. It appears that 

 in England species of Culex and Anopheles winter over in both the adult and the 

 larval stages. Experiments indicate that when mosquitoes are kept in a dry cage 

 they die within a few days, while they may be kept alive for months in a damp, cold 

 atmosphere. 



The life history of the warble flies, E. E. Austen {Ent. Mo. Mag., 2. ser., 12 

 {1901), Xo. 136, pp. 92-95). — This article contains a discussion of the literature on 

 Hiipoderma boris and H. lineatiim. The evidence for the supposed entrance of H. bovis 

 into the mouth and subsequent penetration through the tissues to a position under 

 the skin is considered unsatisfactory. 



Report of the lecturer on apiculture, H. R. Rowson {Ontario Agr. Col. and 

 Ejcpt. Farm Rpt. 1900, pp. 136, i57).— An experiment was conducted for the purpose 

 of determining an economic method for using unfinished sections. Some of the 

 supers containing unfinished sections were left on the hives, and other supers with 

 unfinished sections were placed in front of the hives in such a way that the bees 

 could easily remove the honey from them without danger of interference from bees 

 belonging to other colonies. The honey from the unfinished sections outside the 

 hives was rapidly removed and served to complete the unfinished sections within 

 the hives. The result was satisfactory, since no robbing was observed and the sections 

 were not stained by the bees. 



It was found by experiment that protection could be afforded in the spring to 

 colonies of bees which have been maintained in cellars during the winter by placing 

 supers on the hives and putting the hives in chaff cushions. It was found that the 

 heat was thus well retained in the cushion, and as a result the cluster of bees did not 

 become contracted and the queen was al)le to lay eggs over a greater area of comb. 



The heat of beehives and the results of varying it, Sylvi.\c {U Apiculteur, 

 n. srr., 44 {1901), Xo. 2, pp. 7.5-76') .—The author discusses this problem in a general 

 way, and indicates the methods for determining the temperature of the inside of the 

 hives and for determining any movements of the bees and the amount of food 

 consumed. 



The Freiburg investigations of eggs of bees, F. Dickel and A. Weismann 

 {Anat. Anzeiger, 19 {1901), Xo. 3-4, p/>. 104-111)-— This discussion is controversial in 



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