HOKTICULTURE. 457 



Hidcrrd frniii the (iiiailnipli' stainlpoint of vineyard cidturi;, the produrtion of wine, 

 distillation, and the production of tal)le ^M-apes in garderiH and jiraiieries. The first 

 part of the work contains chapters on and discusses at length such subjects as varie- 

 ties of grapes, proi)agation, grafting, plantations, cultivation, pruning, unfavoral)le 

 conditions, diseases and insects affecting, trellising, grape houses, espalier culture, 

 forcing, retarding growth, conunercial culture, preservation of grapes, packing and 

 selling, etc. The second part takes up harvesting and wine making, ]iasteurization, 

 diseases of wines, distillation, wine making in Algiers, and a study and classification 

 of the wines of France and her colonies. 



The vine; notes on its intensive culture, E. L. Guardiol.v (y>a rid; nokts 

 sonihrc mi rulfiro intrnxiro. Valnicia, 1S99, pp. 198, figs. 6£). — This is a popular work 

 on vine growing, describing in detail intensive cultural operations, including methods 

 of protection from insect pests and fungus diseases. 



Viticulture, its processes and materials. Viticulture at the Exposition 

 in 1900, P. Andkieu {IjH ritlcu/hirr, .sv.s' piroccdh el son. matcrid. La viticidiure a 

 V E.vpomtioti imiverselle de 1900. Montpellier: Coulet & Sons, WOJ,figs. 8S). — Part 1 of 

 this work discusses the vineyard, stocks, French and foreign wines, reconstruction 

 of vineyards on American stocks, culture and protection of vines, diseases and insects 

 affecting. Part 2 takes up the sul)ject of wine making in its various phases, such as 

 fermentation, extraction of the marc, wine handling, analysis of musts and wine, 

 extraction of tartaric aci<l, etc-. 



On the rational pruning of vines, F. Kovessi {Compt. Riitd. Acid. Sci. I'mis, 

 ISJ (1901), Xo. 15,]}]). 9i^S-9^^S).— The author holds that the ripeness of the wood 

 materially influences the production of fruit the following season. This is true not 

 only of vines but of fruit trees. The infiuenceof rij^eness is felt in two ways: It modi- 

 fies the number and the position of the fruit buds and also the number of fruits. 

 With well-ripened wood the fruit buds begin close to the base of the shoot on which 

 they ai-e borne, say the third bud, while on shoots of poorly matured wood the fruit 

 buds commence to form only with the fifth bud. Besides, the shoots in the finst 

 case will carry 2 or 3 launches, while in the second there will be only one. The pro- 

 dui'tion of a fruit crop, therefore, is subject to the influence of the meteorological 

 conditions of 2 seasons : The vear preceding, which determines the degree of ripeness 

 of the shoots, and thus the position and number of bunches; and that of the same 

 year, which affects florization, fructification, and the maturing of the crop. An 

 examination of the weather record and of vintage production over long periods of 

 time showed that dry j^ears, which permit of tlie thorough ripening of the wood, 

 are usually followed by abundant harvests; while wet years, which favor a late, 

 immature growth of wood, are followed by small harvests. 



These facts are susceptible of practical application, and furnisii a rational 1)asis for 

 the pruning of different varieties in different localities. If the season has been such 

 that the vines are well matured, pruning should ])e short. If rainy and conducive 

 to the production of poorly matured shoots, the pruning should be longer than oth- 

 erwise. It is the condition of the shoots themselves rather than rules which must 

 govern in pruning. 



Anatomical researches on the ripening of vine shoots, F. Kovessi {ConqH. 

 Raid. Acad. Scl. Paris, IS^ [1901), No. 10, pp. <i47-650). — In the reconstruction of 

 the European vineyards on American stock, it has been found that nuich greater 

 success has been attained with well ripened than with poorly ripened graft wood. 

 For the i)urpose of gaining some light on this sul)ject the author made a study of the 

 thickness of the cell walls and of the starch content of the two woods. The vines 

 c )nsisted of a numVjer of varieties of Vitis riparia, Y. rupcstris, ]\ bcdnndierl, and V. 

 vinifera. The data obtained show that the cell w'alls of the well-ripened wood were 

 much thicker than tho.se of the poorly ripened, and that the cells inclosed more 

 starch. 



13639— No. 5 5 



