FORESTRY. 653 



Wind-breaks and frost, J. Hoffman {Pacific Rural Press, 61 (1901), No. 21, pp. 

 325, 326). — The advantages and disadvantages of wind-breaks as a protection against 

 frosts in lemon orchards are considered. 



Growing evergreens from seed, C. Wedge {Amcr. Gard., 2i {1901), No. 331, p. 

 636; rrprivt from MinmKutn JIorL). — Detailed cnltnral directions are given for the 

 growing of cviTgrt'i'iis from ^^eed. 



Henderson's picturesque gardens and ornamental gardening illustrated, 

 C Eenderson {New York: Peter Henderson & Co., 1901, pp. 158, figs. 317). — The 

 effects produced by different methods of landscape gardening, ranging in character 

 from the more natural to the formal gardens of the Italian and French schools, are 

 brought out in an extended series of illustrations. The illustrations give views of 

 gateways and entrances, lawns and decorated parks, fountains and statuary, floral 

 sundials, water i)ieces, .artistic flower beds, topiary work, cactus gardens, subtropical 

 gardens, hedges, and tlie hardy shrubs, flowers, etc., in landscape gardening. 



Gardens old and ne-wr — the country house and its garden environment 

 {Londo)i: Country Life [1901'\, pp. XXIV-\ 295, figs. 4'70). — A presentation of meth- 

 ods of English gardening and of garden architecture by the aid of an elaborate series 

 of half-tone reproductions of famous English manors, abbeys, country houses, etc., 

 and the ground attached thereto. The text consists in a large measure of historical 

 and descriptive notes in explanation of the illustrations. 



FORESTRY. 



Observations on forest meteorology, R. de Drouin de Bouville {Bui. Min. 

 Agr. \_France}, 20 {1901), No. 2, pp. 240-270, ph. 9).— At the National School of 

 Forestry since 1867 observations have continually been made to ascertain the effect 

 exerted by forests upon rainfall and upon a supply of subterranean water. Three 

 stations were maintained, one of which was selected to represent a dense forest of 

 deciduous trees, the second a less heavily timbered region, while the third was an 

 agricultural region of considerable extent which was taken to represent the meteor- 

 ology of an area free from the influence of forests. The influence of wooded areas 

 on the total rainfall is shown for the three stations. While there was considerable 

 variation from year to year, the relative proportion measured at the different 

 stations was about the same. For the 33 years the relative proportion of water on 

 the 3 different areas above described was 100, 93.9, and 76.7, showing that in general 

 forests increase the amount of rainfall over a given area, and this increase seems to 

 be about in proportion to the extent and density of the forest. 



In order to ascertain whether winds exerted any appreciable effect on the amount 

 of. rain falling at these different regions, a tabular statement is given showing the 

 rainfall for 11 years under the influence of winds from different directions. The 

 results show that practically the same proportion stated above is shown for the 

 rainfall of the different stations, no matter what the direction of the wind. 



The effects of cold and hot seasons and seasons of great and small rainfall are 

 shown by tabular statements, 1)ut practically the same relative quantity of water 

 fell at the different places. With slight variation there was no appreciable difference 

 in the action of the forest in winter or summer, the average preciiritation being 

 about the same for each season. In dry seasons the relative precipitation over 

 forested areas was little, if any, greater than during periods of heavy rain. 



Investigations were conducted to determine the amount of rain water intercepted 

 by the forest cover. These observations were begun in 1867 and continued for 

 32 years. In the densely covered forest, small areas were cleared of trees and 

 comparisons made between the amount of water reaching the soil in these areas 

 and those where the timber was not removed. In the dense forest the amount of 

 water intercepted by the trees varied from the minimum in winter to a maximum 



