666 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 



certain localities in the mountains. During 1900 about 50 per cent of the apple crop 

 was destroyed and in some places the damage was as high as 75 per cent. Pears 

 were only slightly infested. The codling moth was first known as an apple pest in 

 Idaho in 1887, and probably came into the northern part of the State by way of the 

 Snake Eiver Valley. According to observations on different varieties of apples, the 

 Pewaukee was most infested, while the Winesap was least attacked. Eggs were 

 found throughout the summer either on the fruit or on the upper surface of the 

 leaves. About 60 per cent of the larvae of the first brood entered the apple at the 

 calyx end. In later broods only a few entered at this point. A number of larvae 

 may be found in a single apple, 13 burrows being found in one large specimen. In 

 Idaho the broods overlap to a remarkable extent; all stages of the insect except the 

 adult were found in the field from July 7 to September 1 , and larvae were found 

 under bands on the trees every day during this time. Every tree had at least 3 

 coinplete broods and a partial fourth brood during the year. A few of the pupae are 

 parasitized, Vjut the parasites are not identified. The larvje are attacked by ants and 

 birds, and bats occasionally capture the moths. According to. the author's observa- 

 tions, the chief arsenites are all about equally effective as applied against the codling 

 moth. It is recommended that 2 sprayings be applied while the calyx is open, one 

 immediately after the blossoms fall and the other about a week later. The third 

 application should be made when the second brood is entering the fruit. Windfalls 

 should be destroyed, the easiest method being to allow hogs or sheep to run in the 

 orchard. Banding the trees is also very effective. The bands should be placed 

 around the trunk of the tree from about li ft. above the ground upward. If the 

 tree is large it is best to put a band on each of the branches. Two bands on the 

 trunk are recommended as better than one. 



Insects and the v:eather during the season of 1900, F. H. Chittenden (pp. 63-75). — From 

 observations on this subject the author comes to the conclusion that forms intro- 

 duced into the North from further south show a tendency to produce one or more 

 generations in excess of the number developed by related species which are native to 

 the region of the adopted habitat. These introduced species are frequently observed 

 to remain later in the field than native species. As a result of these habits, in com- 

 bination with their greater susceptibility to low temperatures, the introduced species 

 are liable to great destruction every year, and their residence in the northern limits 

 of their range can therefore scarcely be considered permanent. 



On the habits of Entilia sinuata, L. 0. Howard (pp. 75-78). — This species of leaf 

 hopper is found on a number of plants, especially sunflower. The insect is attended 

 by 2 species of ants, Camponotns pictus and Foi-mica suhsericea. The young leaf hop- 

 pers are guarded by the ants and kept in close colonies. It is also observed that the 

 adult female broods over the eggs until they are hatched. When the insect occurs 

 in large numbers on cultivated sunflowers it may be destroyed by an application of 

 kerosene emulsion. 



Fumigation ivith carbon bisidphid, W. E. Hinds (pp. 78-82). — A large room belong- 

 ing to a tobacco establishment containing about 75,000 cu. ft. and infested with Lasio- 

 derma serricorne was fumigated with carbon bisulphid. About 145 lbs. of this sub- 

 stance was exposed in 50 or more pans, 3 ft. long by 1 ft. wide and 1 in. deep. The 

 pans were distributed through the room as high up as they could be conveniently 

 placed. The building was carefully locked and left for 22 hours, after which it was 

 opened for ventilation. Nearly all of the beetles were destroyed, and the treatment 

 was considered successful. Special caution is urged in the use of this substance 

 in preventing any fire from coming in contact with the gas, and brief notes are given 

 on the effects of the gas upon human beings. 



General notes and notes from correspondents occupy the remaining portion of the 

 bulletin (pp. 82-98). These notes cover a great variety of subjects, including habits 

 and life history of various insects and remedies which have been found successful 

 in various parts of the country. 



