DAIKY FARMING DAIRYING. 683 



tuted for oats. To test the value of bran and oats for winter feeding, the horses 

 were continued on the same ration until April 29. One horse lost a little; the other 

 gained. "These long periods of both summer and winter feeding show the value of 

 the corn and bran ration for horses. The results evident from these experiments 

 are fully consistent with all that has preceded." 



The amount of water consumed was recorded in all these tests. Both the ration 

 consumed and the amount of work performed influence the quantity of water drunk 

 by work horses, although the individuality of the horse has the most marked effect. 

 In the present investigation the (piantity of water varied from 25,895 to 32,997 lbs. 

 per year. Following are principal conclusions drawn by the author: 



. "Any food stuff or combination of food stuffs furnishing the desirable nutriment 

 at least cost should be considered in preparing rations for horses. 



"A mixture of bran and corn, half and half, is a good substitute for corn and oats 

 for feeding work horses. 



"Corn stover is a good substitute for timothy hay for winter feeding of horses 

 because of its feeding value, the yield per acre, and commercial value. 



"A change from a grain mixture, consisting partially of linseed-oil meal, slowly or 

 abruptly, does nut cause a decrease in weight in horses if a proper substitute ration 

 is fed. 



"The average total cost per year for actual food supply per horse was 174.32. 



"The average cost for feed per hour's work done during 2 years was 3.4 cents." 



Saturated limewater for the preservation of eggs, F. T. Shutt {Agr. Jour. 

 Cape Good Hope, 19 {1901), No. 1, pjy. 55, 56). — Directions are given for the use of 

 limewater for preserving eggs. 



DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. 



Investigation in milk production, T. L. Haecker and E. W. Ma.jor {Minnesota 

 Sta. Bid. 71, pp. 265-300). — Two experiments with dairy cows, previously reported 

 (E. S. K., 12, p. 479), are reviewed with reference to protein consumption. In 

 one experiment of 84 days' duration wheat was compared with barley and corn. 

 The 12 cows used weighed on an average 954 lbs. The amount of dry matter con- 

 sumed daily per head averaged 24.30 lbs., the nutrients being 2.01 lbs. of protein, 

 12.03 lbs. of carbohydrates, and 0.53 lb. of fat. Of the protein provided, 0.66 lb. 

 was calculated as the amount needed for maintenance of body, leaving 1.35 lbs. 

 available for milk production. The average daily yield of milk was 26.96 lbs., con- 

 taining 4.1 per cent of fat. On an average 0.05 lb. of protein (exclusive of that for 

 maintenance) was consumed per pound of milk produced. In the other experiment, 

 which lasted 70 days, prairie hay was compared with timothv hay. The average 

 weight of the 12 cows was 958 lbs. The dry matter consumed daily was 24.51 lbs., 

 the nutrients being 2 lbs. of protein (0.67 lb. for maintenance and 1.33 lbs. for milk 

 production), 12.90 lbs. of carbohydrates, and 0.60 lb. of fat. The yield of milk was 

 25.23 lbs. and the fat content 4.07 per cent. The protein (exclusive of that for 

 maintenance) consumed per 1 lb. of milk was 0.048 lb. 



"Taking the average amount of available protein charged to the cows in the 2 

 experiments reviewed as a basis, it suggests that an allowance of 0.046 lb. of avail- 

 able protein to a pound of milk of average quality yielded is sufficient to maintain 

 the flow, and by increasing or decreasing this allowance by 0.004 lb. of protein for 

 every 0.5 per cent of increase or decrease in the test of the milk, the ration will be 

 adjusted to the needs of cows giving the various grades of milk. Milk testing 3.85 

 per cent fat is fixed as the standard average, and a cow giving that grade needs 0.046 

 lb. of available jjrotein to each pound of milk she yields." 



[The author uses the term "available" protein to mean that which he calculates 

 was left for milk production after deducting that necessary for maintenance. — Ed.] 



