ENTOMOLOGY. 767 



coloration of apples and pears due to infestation of San Jose scale, the scales on 

 peach twigs and on plum leaves. 



San Jose scale, F. W. Card and G. E. Adams {Rhode Island Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 

 241-J44) . — Exi)erinients in coniliating this insect were conducted on city lots which 

 were more or less infested. Two lines of treatnaent were tried in 1900, one with 

 whale-oil soap and the other with kerosene. In the spring of the present year these 

 lines of treatment were supplemented by crude petroleum, which was applied to 

 most of the trees treated with kerosene in the autumn of 1900. The first application 

 was made November 7, after most of the leaves had fallen. A mixture of kerosene 

 and water of uncertain proportions was used, on account of the imperfections of the 

 pump. The percentage of oil was probably between 15 and 20. The mixture was 

 applied to apple and pear trees. Apple, peai-, and quince trees were also treated 

 with whale-oil soap, 1 lb. to 2 gal. of water. On April 13, 1901, the trees were 

 again treated, whale-oil soap being applied on those trees which had received this 

 substance in the previous autumn, but at the rate of 2 lbs. to 1 gal. of water. Most 

 of the trees which were treated with kerosene the previous fall received crude petro- 

 leum in the spring, in about a 25 per cent mixture. The other trees were treated 

 with a 25 per cent mechanical mixture of kerosene and water. Kerosene proved to 

 be more effective than whale-oil soap as an autumn treatment. No injury to the 

 trees was apparent. More live scales were found after soap had been used than 

 where kerosene had been applied. When the trees were examined on June 19 no 

 live scales were found on those which had been treated with crude petroleum, but a 

 number of apparently living scales were found on the trees which were treated with 

 whale-oil soap and with kerosene. The authors conclude that petroleum treatment 

 is the most effective and satisfactory remedy for San Jose scale, being also cheaper 

 and more easily applied. 



Scale insects of importance and list of the species in New York State, 

 E. P. Felt (Bid. New York State 3rus., 9 {1901), No. 46, pp. 289-382, pfe. 15, figs. 5).— 

 A general discussion is presented of the characteristics, number of species, injuries, 

 means of dispersal, and means of recognizing the various scale insects of economic 

 importance. An analytical key for the identification of the more important species 

 is given. A special account, including description, life history, food plants, natural 

 enemies, and remedies, is given of oyster-shell bark louse, scurfy bark louse, San 

 Jose scale, European fruit scale, Putnam's scale, Aspidiotus forbesi, and A. hederse. 

 Bibliographical references are given in connection with the discussion of each species. 

 A short chapter is devoted to a discussion of the remedies which have been found 

 effective against scale insects. These remedies include whale-oil soap, alone and in 

 combination with crude petroleum; crude petroleum, undiluted and in emulsions; 

 kero.«ene, pure and in emulsions, and fumigation by hydrocyanic-acid gas. 



A technical study of 4 species of Aspidiotus {A. anci/lus, A. ostreaiformis, A. pernicio- 

 m-t, and .1. forbesi, by Margaret F. Boynton is included in the report. This study is 

 concerned with detailed descriptions of anatomical characteristics by which the 4 

 species may lie definitely identified. A list of the scale insects found in the State of 

 New York is appended to the bulletin. 



Scale insects of the Lesser Antilles— I, H. Maxwell-Lefkoy {Imp. Dept. Agr. 

 West Indies, Pamphlet No. 7, 1901, pp. 63, figs. ;?Ci).— This pamphlet contains a general 

 account of scale insects, including the following subjects: Life history and anatomy, 

 distribution, injurious effects, means of dispersal, preventive measures, remedies, a 

 description of the common species in the Lesser Antilles, and a list of their food 

 plants. The number of species which are discussed in a special manner is 20, and 

 includes, Vjesides others, Lecanium hemisphKricum, L. longuliim, L. hespcridum, L. 

 mangiferx, L. nigrum, L. olex, Aspidiotus articulatus, A. ficus, A. destructor, A. per- 

 sonatus, A. dictyospemii, Diaspis amygdali, and Mtjtilaspis citricola. 



