DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 779 



21, or 30 days. It is recommended, however, that composite samples for at least 2 

 days be taken where the intervals are longer than 2 weeks. Reference is made to 

 results obtained at the Illinois and Vermont stations relative to the nmnber of tests 

 required during a period of lactation. 



Dehorning cattle (pp. 289-294). — A record is given of 3 cows for 20 days preceding 

 and 20 days following dehorning, and also for both periods for 3 other cows not 

 dehorned. The yield of milk of the dehorned cows decreased 16.9 per cent and of 

 tlie other 3 cows 13.6 per cent during the second period as compared with the 

 first. Notes are given on preventing the growth of horns l)y means of caustic pot- 

 ash. In experiments with (i calves the best time for making the application was 

 found to be between the fifth and tenth days. 



CJust of producing milk (pp. 295-298). — Data showing the cost of the milk produc- 

 tion of the herd of 30 cows for the year ending April 1, 1900, are given and 

 averaged with similar data obtained during the 3 preceding years. The average 

 yield of milk per cow for the 4 years was 6,467 lbs., and the average cost per quart 

 of milk, including food, labor, and interest on and decrease in the value of the 

 herd, was 2.39 cts. 



Soiling crop rotation (pp. 298-301). — Tabulated data are given showing the total 

 yield and amount of nutrients ()l)tained per acre from the various combinations of 

 crops supplying forage to the dairy herd from IMay 1 to October 1. 



Dairying in relation to soil exliaustlon (pp. 301-303). — The amount of fertilizing ele- 

 ments contained in the feeding stuffs purchased was decidedly greater than that in 

 the milk produced by the station herd during 4 years. 



Record of the dairij herd (pp. 303-311). — A monthly record of 27 cows is given 

 for the year ended April 1, 1900. The average yield of milk per cow was 6,380 lbs. 

 and the average fat content of the milk 4.57 per cent. The best cow produced 9,511 

 lbs. of milk and 452 lbs. of butter and the poorest cow 3,135 lbs. of milk and 233 

 lbs. of butter. The author considers that a cow producing less than 5,000 lbs. of 

 milk per year is unprofitable. 



The waste in handling and delivering milk for 4 years averaged 8.3 per cent. 



Methods of dairy feeding, H. Hayward [Pennsi/lvaniaSta.Bul.56,pp.6). — An 

 experiment covering 3 thirty-day periods was conducted with 15 cows divided into 3 

 uniform lots to compare feeding in pens and stalls and to test the effect of having water 

 constantly before cows in stalls. During the first and third periods the 3 lots 

 were tied in stalls and turned out once a day in the yard to be watered. During the 

 second period lot 1 was turned loose in a pen 12 by 26 ft., and furnished with a con- 

 stant supply of water; lot 2 received the same treatment as during the first and third 

 periods; and lot 3 was confined in stalls and given a constant water supply. The 

 same ration was fed throughout. The results are summarized as follows: 



" (1) The results of this experiment failed to show any advantage in having water 

 constantly before the cows in the stable. The cows that were turned into the yard 

 for water once a day made as good returns as those having constant access to water 

 in the stable. 



" (2) Much more l)edding was required to keep the cows clean and comfortable in 

 the pens than in the stalls. Apparently it would not be economical to keep milch 

 cows loose in pens on farms where the supply of l)ed<ling is limited. 



" (3) Considerably less labor was required to can^ for the cows in the pen than for 

 those in the stalls. The increase in the amount of bedding would also result in the 

 production of a greater bulk of manure. 



" (4) The fewest Imcteria were found in the milk of those cows which stood in the 

 stalls constantly, and which were (•onse(iU('ntly the cleanest." 



Feeding experiments to determine the effect of increasing amounts of con- 

 centrated feeds upon the yield of milk, K. HiTTcnKR {Molk. Ztg., 1,5 [1901), Nos. 

 30, pp. 527, 528; 31, p. 547; 32, }ip. 563, 5<!4). — Two feeding uxperimeuts, one made 



