WATER SOILS. 829 



Rrviinr (E. S. R., 13, p. 425). Mii ropliotographs of snow crystals forincfl under 

 different atmospheric conditions are shown and the results of a careful study of the 

 different forms are discussed, it l)ein«i claimed that "the extent and the character of 

 a storm may be read directly from its crystals." 



Hailstorm clouds, C. Kass'nkk (Milxir. /fsrhr. [ I'limia], IS ( /.W7), j>p. .'>..'H-.',.?S). 



On "weather shooting'" at Windisch-Feistritz in southern Steiermark, F. 

 Ki.K\(iKi. ( U'rttn; IS [1901), pp. ^70-276). 



Hailstorm cannon, L. Dimas (L'ln;;. .l;/r. GembloHx, 12 (190..'), Xi>. >>, pp. 295, 

 296). — A lirief note on cannonading as a means of preventing hailstorms. 



The moon and rainfall, A. B. MacDowaij, and H. K. Mill [Si/mon.'i' Mo. Meteor. 

 Ma;/., ,;6- (1901), pp. 165-167, 18S-184). 



The dry moon and the wet moon, A. K. Bartlkit {Vkl el Terre, 22 (1901), pp. 

 4.S.i-4S7). 



Weather and the horns of the moon {,Sii>nims' M<>. Meteor. Mn;/., .io (1901), 

 pp. 1S4.IS.-,). 



Influence of the moon on the barometric state of the air, X. I>emt( hinsky 

 [AiiiK So<\ Meteor. Froiire, 49 (19i)l), ]>p. 240-249). 



The influence of rainfall on commerce and politics, H. H. Clayton {Pop. 

 Sci. Mo., CI) (1001), No. 2, pp. 158-165). — Studies on the relation of rainfall to wheat 

 yields and pasturing of sheep in Australia, by AVills, and to sugar production in Bar- 

 bados and Jamaica, by Rawson and Hall, respectively, are described and data are 

 presented to show that every severe tinani-ial panic with its attendant pi)litical 

 changes " has been closely associated with a protracted period of deficient rainfall." 

 A plea is made for the more liberal endowment of institutions for the liroader scien- 

 tific study of the atmosphere in its relation to man. 



Some economic aspects of the heat and drought of July, 1901, in the 

 United States, R. DeC. Ward (Bid. Amer. Geoijr. Srjr., SS (1901), Oct.; noted in 

 Seienee, //. .sr;-., 15 (1902), No. 368, p. 111). 



Organization of the weather service of Mexico, E. E. Schilz (Rer. Cient. Bol. 

 Met., 4 (1901), No. 1-2, pp. ,33-37). 



WATER SOILS. 



The retention of bacteria in ice, H. W. Clark (Ma.'fsacfiuxetls Slate Ed. Health 

 Rpt. 1901, pp. 509-524). — C-hemical and bacteriological studies were made with ice 

 gathered in different localities in Massachusetts. The results show that ice contains 

 less of Vxtth suspended and ilissolved matter than the water from which it is formed. 

 The same is true as regards bacteria, particularly if there is a considerable depth of 

 water under the ice, and the water is (juiet during the process of ice formation. 

 " When, in order to thicken ice, the ice already formed on a pond or river is flooded 

 and the entire volume of water over the ice is frozen, bacteria will undoubtedly be 

 retained in this ice." It is stated that when Bacilliia coll and B. Iiiphoiimt are frozen in 

 the ice they retain their vitality for a number of weeks, the txact limit not having 

 l)een determined. It is also stated that "if there is a considerable depth of water in 

 portions of a somewhat i)olluted pond or river, ami the ice is ff>rmeil in these por- 

 tions in ccjinparatively (juiet water, with but little matter in suspension, this ice will 

 probably ()e entirely satisfactory for domestic use, although considerable drainage 

 may enter the body of water upon which it forms. On the other hand, ice formed 

 in shallow portions of such ponds or rivers, even during still weather, f)r in any por- 

 tion if there is a considerable movement of the water by currents or wind while it is 

 forming, may be rendered by these conditions entirely unfit for domestic use." 



Ice supplies ( Mumichtinetts Stale Bd. Ileallh Rpt. 19()1, j>p. PJ-/^J5).— Statements 

 are made concerning the (juality of the ice supplied to different cities and towns in 



