HORTICULTURE. 859 



till' cost (if LMuwiiiji arc l)riefly notc<l and suggestions given to intemling ru))l)cr 

 planters. RuhlxT in Nicaragua is grown entirely without shaile. Trees are set from 

 G to 20 ft. apart, l)ut opinions seems to ])e fixing on 10 ft. as the best distance for a 

 permanent plantation. In clearing a plantation for rul)ber, the primeval forest is 

 fi'Ued during ^hirch and April. When the whole has ))e(;ome dry enough, it is tired 

 and everything burned but the trunks and larger brandies. No attempt is made at 

 logging or I'learing away the remains of the forest; neither is the land jjlowed nor 

 cultivated any way except by repeatedly cutting down the weeds and vegetation, so 

 as to allow the foliage of the young rubber to be completely exposed to the sun. 

 Many trees grown from seed planted in June, 1898, measured in August, 1900, 17J in 

 in circumference. A few of these same trees measured in July, 1901, showed an 

 increased diameter of from 1 to 2.V in. It is believed that trees carefully grown and 

 cared for will l)e large enough to bleed safely and ]irotitably at 5 years of age. It is 

 calculated that tiie cost of a large plantation for the first 5 years is about 50 cts. per 

 tree, taking into account land, administration, labor, buildings, and ecjuipment. 

 Owing to excessive bleeding of rubber trees in Nicaragua since 1855, but few good 

 native trees can now be found. The author states that sane and modest rubber 

 l)lanting enterprises in Nicaragua promise well. 



The artificial cultivation of the rubber tree for industrial purposes, E. 

 Bkown (.S'c;. Amer., 85 {1901), No. 19, p. i^9S, figs. ;?).— Methods of ru})ber culture 

 observed l)y a San Francisco company operating in Mexico are outlined. In plant- 

 ing, only the underbrusn is cleared away, the larger trees being left to afford shade, 

 which is considered essential to the growing rubber trees. The nursery trees are set 

 out 14 ft. apart, or 200 to the acre. The young trees are grown from native seed. 

 The planting season lasts from May to January. The temjierature of the region 

 seldom rises above 93° or falls below 60°. The rainfall is from 100 to 150 in. annually. 



Mexican rubber plant, F. de Fran^^ois {Agr. Prat. Pays Chauds, 1 {1901), No. 

 1, pp. 105-109, figs 2). — A technical description of Parthenium argentatum, known in 

 Mexico as "Guaynle." 



Ornamentals for South Dakota, N. E. Hansen {South Dakota Sla. Bid. 72, pp. 

 97-206, pU. 26). — Following some introductory remarks on reasons for jilanting 

 ornamentals, the financial aspect of the jiroljlem, and right methods of ornamental 

 gardening is an extensive list of deciduous ornamental trees, shrubs, and evergreens 

 that have ])een grown at the station. A list is also given of native species of plauta 

 worthy of cultivation, with notes on the outdoor flower garden and plants best suited 

 to it in South Dakota, followed by a list of trees, shrubs, and hedge i)lants best suited 

 to South Dakota conditions. 



The replanting- of bulbs that have once flowered, AV. T. TnisELTON-DvER 

 {Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 30 {1901), No. 759, p. 22).— The author states that at Kew the 

 bulbs are lifted while still green to make room for bedding plants and "heeled in" 

 in beds of iishes. This alhnvs the foliage to slowly rijien off. The luitriment con- 

 tained in the leaves is gradually transformed to the bulbs. The process is i-onsidered 

 complete when the leaves have dried up to the consistency of thin j)aper. The V»ulbs 

 are then lifted again, cleaned, and placed on shelves in a dry and airy shed, where 

 they remain until they are planted in the autumn. 



A new tender Nymphaea, H. S. Conrad {Amer. (lard., 22 {1901), No. 358, p. 

 745) .—A description is given of a new hybrid water-lily obtained by crossing Nymphwa 

 acridea with N. zanzibarlcitsis. 



Directions for the culture of saffron {Crocus satlrn.t) {BoL Agr. y Granader'ia, 

 1 {1901), No. 13, pp. ..'S, ;.<'y).— Soils, preparation, cultivation, harvesting, etc., are 

 considered. 



Report on the culture of roses in the Balkan Mountains, J. (Jraverkaux 

 {Ihd. Mill. Ayr. {France'], 20 {1901), No. 3, pjt. 5S5-593).—T\w author visited .Austria 

 and Turkey, and made a collection of the wild roses of these countries, more particu- 



