HORTICULTURE. 953 



have united with the stock, and the whole top of the tree should he reintned and 

 the trunk whitewashetl. Spring is considered the best time for budding. In frosty 

 sections it may be neiessary to protect the tops during the first winter. Palm 

 leaves nailed to the trunks of the trees and tied about the tops have, been success- 

 fully used for this purposi'. 



To i)revent the formation of hardi)an in orchards, the depth of cultivation should 

 be varied each year, t'ultivation S in., 12 in., 10 in., 14 in., and then 8 in. again, is 

 reconmiended. The use of the subsoil plow to assist in breaking up hardpan is also 

 advised. Irrigation water should be allowed to run slowly for a long time in deep, 

 narrow furrows, keeping the greater part of the surface dry, and immediately follow- 

 ing the irrigation with thorough cultivation. The spread of water from deep furrows 

 is nuich greater in sandy loam soil than in clay loam. 



Mangoes in India, W. T. Fee ( T. .S'. Consular EpU., 67 {1901), No. 2oS, pp. 197- 

 199). — Brief notes on the liotany and (juality of these fruits in India. 



Report of the horticultural department, C. A. Keffer ( TemiesKee Sta. Rj)t. 

 1901, pp. 7-9) . — A brief outline is given of the work of the year with small fruits. 

 Among 60 varieties of strawberries grown, the best yielding varieties were Pride of 

 Cumberland, Clyde, Tennessee Prolific, Stone 130, Sample, Gibson, W. J. Bryan, 

 (lien Mary, and Greeneville. Excelsior and Michel were the earliest berries. These 

 varieties are perfect flowered and good pollenizers. Berries first in quality were 

 Bennett, Parson Beauty, Brownie, Downing Bride, etc. Of the best late varieties 

 Gandy, Hunn, ^lichigan, Sampson, ^IcKinley, and Downing Bride are mentioned 

 first. Columbia was one of the best raspberries tested and was considerably superior 

 in yield and size of fruit to Shaffer Colossal. Gregg was the best yielder among the 

 black caps, and Cuthbert among the reds. Snyder was the best yielder out of 10 

 varieties of blackljerries grown, and Houghton the best of 6 kinds of gooseberries 

 tested. 



Third, report on experiment in pinching raspberry shoots, F. Cr.vxefield 

 ( Wl?:consin Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 311-320). — The earlier reports along this line have 

 been previously noted (E. S. R., 13, p. 51). The details for the third year's work 

 have been added to those of preceding years and the whole summarized. The con- 

 clusions accord entirely with those of last year in showing that pinching 18 to 20 in. 

 high increased the yield of the Gregg raspberry, but decreased the yield of Cuthbert. 

 Pinching 12 in. high gave decreased yields with both varieties. With the Gregg 

 variety pinching increased the production of shoots and suckers, hut decreased it 

 with the Cuthbert variety. 



An ever-bearing strawberry for culture under orchard trees and grapes, 

 F. F. IcHOX {Deui. Landv. Presst', 2S {1901), No. 81, p. 683).— The strawberry described 

 is said to have originated in Greece and is known there as the "ever-bearing Grecian 

 vineyard strawberry." It grows best in the partial shade of fruit trees and vines, and 

 ])roduces fruit from the beginning of ]\Iay until the end of November. During this 

 time the vines are covered with flowers and green and ripe fruit. The yearly prod- 

 uct of one plant is said to be over 10 liters of fruit, which retails for about 20 cts. 

 })er liter. The berries are red, about the size of a grape, and are stated to surpass in 

 quality the common cultivated and wild strawberries. The botanical name of this 

 strawberry is not given. The variety d'-es not seem to be particular as regards soil, 

 and is quite resistant against either drought or long continued wet weather. When 

 well fertilized the mother plant makes a growth of 60 cm. in diameter and 40 cm. 

 high. In cultivation the i)lants are set 50 cm. apart in rows 1 meter tlistant. The 

 runners should be kept cut off in sununer but may lie allowed to grow in the autumn. 

 After 3 or 4 years, when the mother jilant has begun to fail in fruit ]>r()duction, the 

 plants are renewed by allowing the runners to take root and then hoeing away the 

 mother plants. In starting a new plantation the plants should be set out only in 

 cloudy and damp weather, since the rootlets are very fine an<l easily destroyed by the 



