DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 1083 



eat as nmch of its own freo will as we wert' able to -rive it l>y the niaeliine. '{'he 

 results iiiijrlit be very different with older ducks." 



Poultry west of the Rockies, F. R. Ci.kwkttk ( /.(« .Inyf/t-.sv Author, i:)0^,pp. l.'S, 

 Jigs. 6).—\ treatise on poultry raising; with special reference to local conditions. The 

 experience of a nuinln'r of individuals is included. 



Chinese incubators, G. D. Brili. {U. S. Dept. Ayr., Bureau of Animal Iiuliistr;/ 

 Rpl. 1900, pp. 347-253, ph. 3, figs. 3).—iV descriptive article on incul»ators and the 

 manau;einent of chickens and ducks in China. 



International live stock exposition of 1900 ( T. ,S'. Ihpt. Agr., Bureau of Ani- 

 mal ln<h(.^tr;/ lipt. 1900, jip. 6:J-<:8, ph. 9). — A descriptive article. 



DAIEY FARMING - DAIRYING. 



Market milk: A plan for its improvement, R. A. Pearson ( V. S. Dept. .h/r., 

 Bureau of Animal Jtulatitri/ Rpt. 1900, pp. 158-193, ph. 10). — The importance of a i>ure 

 milk supply is emphasized and a plan for the improvement of market milk some- 

 what similar to one already in operation in several cities is fully outlined. 



"A res]ionsible bodj'- of citizens who are interested in an improved milk supply, 

 and having the confidence of the community, should be organized as a milk (com- 

 mission, to have full control of the work proposed. The commission should select 

 and secure the advice and assistance of four experts — a veterinarian, a physician, a 

 bacteriologist, and a chemist — all more or less familiar with the conditions and possi- 

 bilities on dairy farms. The commission should send to each dairyman who supjdies 

 milk to the city a circular naming all the i)articu]ar conditions which should l)e 

 found on every farm where milk is produced for city use, and announcing that when 

 any dairyman ncjtities the commission that he is fully conforming to the conditions 

 specified, or endeavoring to do so, his dairy will be inspected; and, if it is found to 

 comply in letter and spirit to all the requirements, his name will be placed upon an 

 'approved' list and he will receive an official indorsement in the form of a certifi- 

 cate . . . which he can use in any proper manner to assist in securing new trade." 

 The proposed measure is entirely voluntary on the part of the dairyman. 



The personnel and duties of the milk commission and other features of the plan 

 are discussed and a set of requirements suitable for incorporation in an agreement 

 between the dairyman and the commission is given. An account is also given of 

 dairies under similar supervision in Philadelphia and New York City, circulars of 

 information, forms of reports, etc., used in each case being given in appendixes. 



The author discusses under methods of purifying milk the removal of dirt and bac- 

 teria by centrifugal separation and the use of filters, the prevention of bacterial 

 growth by the use of antiseptics and cold, sterilization and pasteurization of milk, 

 etc. "Upon the whole, the expediency of pasteurization as well as stc^rilization of 

 milk, except in special and exceptional cases, may be considered doubtful." 



On the increase in the fat content of milk during the same milking, M. 

 Skov (MdlkrritiiL, 14 {1901), No. 4S, pp. 7S9-794). — The evening milk from one cow 

 in advan(;ed lactation was sepa.'ated into 13 portions and the morning milk into 17 

 portions, and the fat content of the different samples was determined. The former 

 series of samples increased from 0.7 to 8.9 per (;ent, and the latter from 0.7 to 9.6 per 

 cent. The author finds that the results of fat determinations in different portions of 

 the same milking show 4 periods. In the first, consi.sting of 2 or 8 samples, the milk 

 contains less than 1 per cent of fat. In the next 2 sami)les there is a sudden rise m 

 the fat content. In the following 8 or 10 samples the fat content is (juite uniform, 

 being somewhat above normal. In the last sample taken there is a sharp rise in the 

 fat content of 4 or r-i per cent. Experiments with several fresh cows showed similar 

 results, except that tlie third interval was .somewhat longer. Extremes of 0.8 jier 



