50 The yournal of Forestry. 



written exercises of various kinds, and by formal discussions by the 

 students under the presidency of the teacher, and also by practical instruc- 

 tions in the various operations of forestry, conducted in the Arboretum, 

 or in plantations or forests elsewhere within easy reach, by a thoroughly 

 competent forester. 



Such is a summary of Dr. Brown's proposals, and to illustrate the 

 subject he gives many interesting particulars of what has been done else- 

 where to establish and promote the study of arboriculture, from which 

 we malce the following extracts : — 



The first systematic teacher of forest science and. forest economy appears to 

 liave been Zantliiere, Tvbo did so at Usenburg, a town or village in the county 

 Stolberg, in Upper Saxony, situated not far from the Hartz Mountains, and 

 within the precincts of the old Thuringian Forest. Prussia was not long in 

 perceiving the advantages likely to result from forest officials getting an edu- 

 cation and training specially adapted to prepare them for the duties to which 

 they might be called in the management of the forests, and a Forest School 

 was established at Keustadt-Eberswalde, some thirty miles north from Berlin. 



The Academy of Forestry is devoted to the training of Government forest 

 officers, and of managers of forests belonging to private proprietors ; it is con- 

 fined exclusively to this, and no person can obtain an appointment to an office 

 in the forest department of the Government -without having undergone a strict 

 examination in the several branches of knowledge required in the proper 

 administration of forests, and -without having served personally in the forests 

 for a considerable length of time. 



So great is the desire for Government service, and particularly forest service, 

 in Prussia, and indeed in Germany generally, that there is no lack of students, 

 although for the first ten years the remiineration is scarcely sufficient for bare 

 existence, and may for years after that only pay for the necessaries of life. 



According to one of my correspondents, a few years ago there were no fewer 

 than thirty-three barons or baronets holding appointments in the Crown 

 Forests of Prussia 



The forest School of Saxony is at Tharandfc, a watering-place a few miles 

 distant from Dresden, beautifully situated at the junction of three valleys, 

 from two of -which flow streams which unite and flow through the Planschen- 

 grund into the Elbe. The forest garden, containing, it is said, 1,000 different 

 species of trees and shrubs, is attached to the School. 



This Forest School -^vas founded by Gotta, whose name, with that of Hartig, 

 is identified -with what is known in Germany as the Fachwe7-'ke 3Iethode of 

 forest management, and in France as the Metliode des Com'pmiemenfs, which is 

 the most advanced, in its accordance with forest science, of the various methods 

 of exploitation applied to coppice woods and timber forests. 



Cotta held the combined employment of chief of the Institute de Amenage- 

 mcnt.f, entrusted with the management of the Crown Forests of Saxony, and 

 of Director of the School of Forestry, which was founded by him in 1810. The 

 Institute consisted of a number of commissioners who in summer carried on' 

 operations in the different forests, under instruction from him as their chief; 

 .'ind in winter reassembled at his residence, there to conduct under bis 

 direction the work of Forest-Bureau and prepare plans of operation for the 

 summer following. 



In Hanover there is an organized Forest Service consisting of 1 forest) 

 director — 20 foresc mastei's, wlio each have charge of a division and together 

 with the forest director form a board of management — 112 chief foresters — 403 

 foresters — and o't 3 overseers and under foresters, who watch and protect the 

 forests, and supervise work done by hire or contract; and, to provide for this ser- 

 vice Forest Academics, at which tiie officials are educated and trained : one of 

 these is at Munden, situated at the confluence of the Werra and the Fulda, 

 whose united waters here take the name of Wcser. 



The Forest School of Ilesse-Darmstadt is at Giesson, the chief town of 

 Upper HcsRc, beautifully situated on the Lahire, and is attached to the Uni- 

 versity, well known to students of agricultural chemistry as that in which 

 Liebig laboured so long and so successfully as Professor of Chemistry. 



