The Constrtiction and Maintenance of Roads. 619 



depth of ballast or stone. Here, good clearance roads for one season 

 are made by laying down brush fagots transversely, about 40 to the 

 rod. Heavy loads of hop-poles and fagots, and also fair loads of 

 timber may be carried over such. 



Main roads are generally ornamentally planted, Avhile secondary 

 rides may be closely trimmed up at the sides, thus presenting in 

 spring and summer walls of living green. They may be of all widths 

 down to 10 feet. If narrower than this they are inconvenient both 

 to the horseman and the sportsman. Their attractiveness will be 

 very much increased if they are recessed at intervals, and planted 

 with choice trees for permanent standards. 



Eides may be either sown down with grass seeds or speedily turfed 

 by the system of inoculation, "Where they are sown, about 25 or 

 30 lbs. of seeds per acre will be required. These should consist prin- 

 cipally of wood meadow-grass, and the rough-stalked and smooth- 



FiG. 2. 



stalked varieties of meadow-grass. To these may be added a few 

 pounds of cock's-foot, with a little sweet-scented vernal, some fescue 

 and meadow fox tail, — the whole to be sown broadcast, and afterwards 

 brushed in and well rolled. 



But a far more effective and a quicker means of obtaining a good 

 turf presents itself in the system of inoculation, which consists in 

 depositing by hand, at tolerably regular intervals, small pieces of 

 turf which have been cut from an old pasture, in narrow strips, by 

 means of Howard's, or any other paring plough. An implement of this 

 kind, manufactured by Messrs. Howard, of Bedford, for the Duke of 

 Manchester, cuts at once three ropes of turf, each 2 inches broad by 

 \\ inches thick. In laying down pasture these turfs are 

 carted to the spot, and afterwards broken in pieces and placed 

 about 9 inches apart, trodden down and rolled firmly. Where this 



