158 The Joiiriial of Forestry. 



the timber on the run are all expert and experienced hands. They 

 are furnished with iron spikes in their boots to enable them to stand 

 on a log in the water while breaking up a "jam. " 



At "driving," work begins at 4 o'clock a.m. and ends at 9 p.m., 

 the men receiving five meals a day. As soon as the falls are all passed 

 and the river becomes navigable the material is collected and rafts 

 constructed which are either taken in tow by boats manned by 

 lumbermen, or placed in charge of experienced rivermen who hoist sail. 



On some of the rivers where there are impediments to navigation 

 ^' slides " are constructed through which the timber passes. At the 

 entrance and discharge ends of these slides " booms " are erected to 

 receive the timber, such works being usually kept in repair by the 

 Public Works Department, and tolls are charged on timber passing 

 through them. 



Every log is measured as it leaves the forest and enters the saw mill 

 yard, and the contents returned as so many feet of lumber. A staff of 

 officers are appointed for this purpose called " Cullers " who mark 

 what they inspect with their initials, and the letters M for merchant- 

 able, u for merchantable quality but under size, s for second quality, 

 and R for rejected. The mark to be on the end of all lumber except 

 boarding. 



Legislation has made stringent provisions for the punishment of 

 persons taking illegal possession^of timber, and appropriating it, and for 

 defacing the trade marks, — the presence on a piece of timber of a 

 registered mark is ijrima facie evidence that it belongs to the person 

 or company who have registered it, and throws the burden of proof 

 on the person in whose possession it is found that he is the lawful 

 owner thereof. 



The foregoing is briefly the modus operancli of lumbering as 

 carried on in America and Canada. I will now proceed to give the 

 census of the great timber centres east of the Rocky Mountains. 

 Commencing with Nova Scotia. There is not much timber left in 

 this province. At the present rate of consumption it will lust only a 

 few years. The forest produce in 1871 Avas square white pine 288,638 

 cubic feet; square red pine, 22,020 cubic feet; square oak, 90,494 

 cubic feet ; larch, 116,816 cubic feet birch and maple, 518,272 cubic 

 feet; elm, 200 cubic feet; walnut (soft), 2,265 cubic feet; hickory, 

 250 cubic feet; all other timber 3,088,003 cubic feet; pine logs, 

 477,187 ; other logs, 897,595 ; masts and spars. 10,631 ; staves, 11,811 

 thousand ; lathwood, 924 cords ; tanbark, 12,388 cords ; firewood, 

 1,579,416 tons. Nova Scotia has 1,444 saw mills of an annual value 

 of £66,000 and producing articles to the value of £279,000 per annum. 



Considerable timber still lemains in New Brunswick, about 27 

 acres per head of the population, but a large per centage of this 



