746 The yottrnal of Forestjy. 



if all the small white flowers of the carrot or the hemlock were deprived 

 of the little radiating stalks, like the ribs of a Japanese umbrella, 

 which give the name " umbel " to this form of flower-grouping or ' in- 

 florescence." The inflorescence of the daisy is called a " head," and we 

 see underneath it a number of overlapping green organs, similar to 

 those at the point where all the little flower-stalks of the carrot or hem- 

 lock meet. Halfway up the flower-stalk of the violet we may see two 

 small similar leaflets. All these organs are called hrads. 



Under the yellow part of the buttercup, outside the white of the 

 water-lily, and in a corresponding place in violets and foxglove, is a 

 single circle of small green organs like the bracts of the daisy. These 

 are sepals, collecting the caly.r. A collection of bracts as in daisies 

 and dandelions is termed an involucre. In the fuchsia the calyx is 

 coloured. Though seldom so clearly veined as bracts often are, the 

 sepals are broad, mostly green, and altogether not unlike leaves. In 

 the water-lily the sepals are white on the inside, and within them are 

 similar organs faintly streaked with green outside, or purely white. 

 These are the petals, termed collectively the corolla. In the buttercup 

 they are yellow, in the foxglove they are red, and are united into a tube. 

 There are five se^^als and five petals in a buttercup, and four of each in 

 the flower of charlock, and these two numbers or their multiples are 

 characteristic of nearly all of ^a large division of Angiosperms — those, 

 namely, which have two leaves, or cotyledons, to the seed, and are 

 therefore called dicotyledons, have generally tap roots, separable bark, 

 wood in wedge-shaped bundles increasing by rings, true pith, and net- 

 veined leaves. All our forest trees — except the conifers — belong to 

 this group. But if we look at the flower of a true lily, or a single tulip, 

 or hyacinth, we shall see six floral leaves alike coloured in place of the 

 calyx and corolla. This is called o. perianth, and when composed of 

 three leaves or some multiple of that number is distinctive of the other 

 great group of. Angiosperms — the monocotyledons. These have only 

 one cotyledon, do not have tap roots, separable bark, or wood in rings, 

 and their leaves have parallel veins. The lilies, palms, and grasses are 

 the three main subdivisions of this group. 



The perianth or the calyx and corolla are called floral envelopes, 

 since one of their main functions is to protect the inner and more 

 essential parts of the flower ; but when coloured, scented, or secreting 

 honey, these envelopes serve the additional function of attracting 

 insects, which bring about cross-fertilization. 



Some of the inner petals of the water-hly may be seen slightly 

 narrower, and bearing on the upper part of their inner surfaces yellow 

 pouches, or these pouches may be seen, as in the buttercup and fox- 

 glove, at the top of a slender stalk ov Jilament. The pouches are called 

 anthers, and contain a fine dust well known as pollen. Anther and 



