School of Forestry at Evois, in Finland. 705 



compreliensiveness being taken up by the Anglo-Saxons ot England, 

 America, and the British Colonies. 



And in reply to inquiries which I addressed to him he wrote to me 

 as follows, errors of translation, &c. (if any), excepted. 



" Our institution at Evois is by much too limited and inconsiderable to be 

 taken as a pattern for any other place. Ifc was reorganized in 1874, so as to 

 cost as little as possible. The number of teachers was then reduced. But this 

 I look upon as a mere temporary arrangement, and therefore I may state at 

 the outset that it is the original organization adopted in 1860, when the insti- 

 tution was founded, upon which I base the following statement. 



"At that time there was a director, who was also a teacher, and three other 

 teachers, — one for forest science, one for natural history and chemistry, and one 

 for mathematics ; a forst-vieister, or forester, who also was a teacher, and a 

 drawing-master, who was also secretary and librarian — in all six teachers. 



"The subjects on which instruction was given at that time were then, as 

 now — 



" I. Forest sciences : Wald hau [sylviculture], Forsi-tavadon [forest manage- 

 ment, and regulation of the quantity of forest produce to be obtained], Forst 

 technicologie [technical properties of different kinds of wood, practical felling 

 of trees, treatment of the timber mechanically and chemically, transport of the 

 same by land and water, &c., &c.], National ekonomie [political economy], with 

 a special view to the treatment of forests so as to promote the prosperity of the 

 community, Forst liclie RecMslmnde [the existing laws and regulations re- 

 lative to forests, game, and fishing, the rights of property, &:;.]. 



" II. Physical science : forest botany, forest zoology, and elements of mine- 

 ralogy and of geology. 



" III. Geodeesia, or land surveying, mainly practised by exercises in measure- 

 ments in forests throughout the summer. 



" IV. Rural economy : general instructions in all matters relating to agri- 

 culture, &c. 



" V. Civil engineering : principally road-making, and construction of 

 pontoons and floating bridges. 



" VI. Forest mathematics, or the application of mathematical principles to 

 forest economy. 



" VII. Park-keeping and scientific administration of forests. 



" VIII. Drawing of maps, charts, and plans, and practical exercises, &c., in 

 all forest work, and everything also relating to the management of State forests 



" These are all still the subjects of study ; and previously to entei*iug the insti- 

 tution every student must have passed the entrance examination at the Univer- 

 sity of Helsingfors, and therefore must have become acquainted with the 

 first elements of the various branches of physical science, so that all the studies 

 here are now directed towards the practical and professional application to 

 forestry of what has been attained previously and otlierwise. 



"From the 15th of June to the 1st of November nearly the whole time is 

 spent by the students in practical work in the forests, principally in measuring 

 forests, preparing charts, and in works of taxation, as explained above. 



" During the months of winter lectures are delivered, as in the university, 

 and thus are occupied at least twenty-one hours a week. A special law enjoins 

 that the students shall be well instructed in the preparation of charts, and 

 that they .<?hall be kept fully employed. 



