152 



cans, not over G or 7 inches in diameter, in Avater to a depth equal to 

 the depth of the milk in the cans. When cold water can not be 

 obtained, set the milk in shallow pans, 4 or 5 inches deep, in a well- 

 made cellar. (G) Skimming should take place after eighteen to 

 twenty-four hours in summer, and twenty-four to thirty-six hours in 

 winter, approximately. (7) Churn when the cream is nicely acid, 

 but not too sour; when the cream is thick add water. (8) The best 

 temperature for churning in this latitude has been found to be 63° to 

 65° in summer and 69° to 70° in winter; determine temperature with 

 thermometer. (9) All vessels should be scruisulously clean; "use 

 hot water always,'* and if gi-easy, washing soda. (10) Use the best 

 quality of dairy salt. 



BULLETIN No. 6, JUNE, 1889. 



Feeding EXPEnniEXTs, F. A. Gullev, M. S. (pp. 3-39). — The 

 experiment recorded in this article is the first of a series to continue 

 several years. The four following questions were proj)ounded : 



(1) Is it possible to eomUict a feeding test that will be sufticieiitly acc-urate 

 to be of value and at the same time make it an object lesson to the practical 

 cattleman and give him information which he can make use of? 



(2) Is there any i)raetieal)le method of sheltering range steers in winter 

 feeding, and will it be profitable? 



(o) What feed stuffs that are obtainable in the State will give the best 

 results in proportion to cost? 



(4) Can the common. unim])roved Texas steer be fattened with profit? 



The experiment began January 8 and continued through nine 

 periods of ten days each. Forty-eight steers in eight lots of six each 

 and eight old cows in one lot by themselves were used. The steers 

 were native range cattle, three or four years old, and below the 

 average of cattle in the State. These animals were selected because 

 it was believed that if it could be shown that such cattle could l)e fed 

 with profit it would have a relatively greater influence in encouraging 

 tlie improvement of native cattle. 



We decided to use forty-eight steers, and to handle them in such a way that 

 the number might be increased to five hundred oi" one thousand, if desired. We 

 have used six steers to test each ration, knowing that men who feed on a large 

 scale have little confidence in feeding tests made with but oue or two animals. 

 The variation in gain in v.eiglit of steers fed together on the same ration sliows 

 that popular jn'ejudice against single animal tests is well foinided. 



While stockmen in Texas know that cattle will not gain in weight 

 if exposed to cold, wet weather, it is generally believed that shelter 

 is imi)racticable. liange steers when confined and closely tied up 

 are apt not to thrive, and if left loose in the sheds, with their horns on, 

 it is imjjracticable to keep a large number in a shed together. In 

 this experiment, hoAvever, it was assumed that profitable feeding in 

 Texas must include provision for shelter. A feeding shed 38 by 80 

 feet and 7 feet high was therefore constructed and the steers Avere 



