276 



when the value of the manure is subtracted the cost of the former is 

 less than half of the latter,'' 



BULLETIN No. 9, SEPTEMBER, 3889. 

 A STUDY OF WIjSD-BREAKS IN THEIR RELATIONS TO FRUIT GROWING. 



L. H. Bailey, M. S. (pp. 01-110), (illustrated).— This embodies the 

 results of much experience and observation on this subject, including 

 the information derived from inquiries addressed in 1889 to a large 

 number of leading fruit growers in New York and Michigan. The 

 subject IS treated under the following heads: 



(1) Influences of wind-breaks upon fruit plantations. 



(2) Proper location of wind-breaks, and manner of making them. 

 The experience and observation of forty-three observers favorable 



to wind-breaks are summarized in tables, giving the site and soil of 

 orchard, direction of prevailing or severest wind, location in reference 

 to large bodies of water, kinds of fruit grown, kind of wind-break 

 used, and benefits derived,* Similar data are recorded from fourteen 

 reports which were unfavorable to wind-breaks. The bulletin is 

 illustrated Avith three cuts of as many kinds of wind-breaks. 



General suimiiar!/. — (1) A wind-break may exert great influence upon a fruit 

 plantation. 



(2) The benefits derived from wiud-brealis are the following: protection from 

 cold ; lessening of evaporation from soil and plants ; lessening of windfalls ; 

 lessening of liability to mechanical injury of trees ; retention of snow and leaves ; 

 facilitating of labor ; protection of blossoms from severe winds : enabling trees 

 to grow more erect ; lessening of injury from the drying up of small fruits ; 

 retention of sand in certain localities ; hastening of maturity of fruits in some 

 eases ; encouragement of birds ; ornamentation. 



(.3) Tlu' injuries sustained from wind-breaks are as follows: Preventing 

 free circulation of warm winds and consequent exposure to cold ; injuries from 

 insects and fungous diseases ; injuries from the encroachment of the wind-break 

 itself; increased liability of late spring frosts in rare cases. 



(«) The injury from cold, still air is usually confined to those localities which 

 are directly influenced by large bodies of water, and which are protected by for- 

 est belts. It can be avoided by planting thin belts. 



(&) Injury from insects can l)e averted by spraying with arsenical ix»isons. 



(c) The injury from the encroachment of the wind-oreak may be averted by 

 good cultivation and by planting the fruit sinuiltane^uisly with the !)elt. 



(4) Wind-breaks are advantageous whenever fruit plantations are exposed 

 to strong winds. 



(5) In interior places, dense or broad belts, of two or more rows of trees, are 

 desirable ; while within the influence of large bodies of water, thin or narrow 

 belts, comprising but a row or two, are usually preferable. 



(6) The best trees for wind-breaks in the Northeastern States are Norway 

 spruce and Austrian and Scotch pines, among the evergreens. Among deciduous 

 trees, most of the rapidly growing native species are useful. A mixed planta- 

 tion, with the hardiest and most vigorous deciduous trees on the windward, is 

 probably the ideal artificial shelter belt. 



BULLETIN No. 10, OCTOBER, 1889. 

 XoTES ON TOMATOES, L, H. Bailey, M. S. (pp. 113-126). (illus- 

 trated), — This includes a statement of the general results of investi- 



