466 SYNGENESIA^POL.-FRUSTRAN. Centaurea. 



Perennial. August, September. 



Root rather woody, with many long fibres. Stem erect, a foot 

 high, branched, angular, furrowed, roughish, leafy, solid. Leaves 

 light green, rough with short hairs ; radical ones largest, stalk- 

 ed, toothed or pinnatifid ; the rest scattered, sessile, oblong, 

 or linear-lanceolate, entire, or toothed near the base. Fl. soli- 

 tary at the tumid, deeply furrowed, end of each branch, accom- 

 panied by a few leaves close to the calyx, which is brown, not 

 black ; the inner scales terminating in a light-brown, orbicular, 

 variouslyjagged lobe ; outer more distinctly fringed, or pecti- 

 nate, often with rough teeth. Radiant Jiorets numerous, large, 

 light crimson, spreading ; those of the disk much shorter, ra- 

 ther darker. Seeds to the latter only, inversely conical, crowned 

 with a simple row of very short black bristles. 



Linnaeus says, the herb steeped in water, with alum, before the 

 flowers expand, dyes silk of a fine yellow. 



The German plant described by Dillenius, in Ray's Synopsis 199, 

 is evidently C. Jacea, which he well distinguishes from the nigra. 



2. C. nigra. Black Knapweed. 



Calyx-scales oval, fringed with upright capillary teeth. Low- 

 er leaves somewhat lyrate, with angular lobes; upper ones 

 ovate. Flowers discoid. Seed-down very short, tufted. 



C. nigra. Linn.Sp.PU2SS.rVilld.v.3.2287. Fl. Br.9 10. Engl. Bot. 

 v.4.t.278. Mart. Rust. t.\30. Hook. Scot. 248. Fl. Dan. t.996. 



Cyanus niger. Gcertn. v. 2. 382. t.l6\. 



Jacea n. 184. Hall. Hist. v. 1 . 80. 



J. nigra. RaiiSyn.\98. Ger. Em.727.f. Dod. Pempt. I24.f. 



.T. nigra vulgaris. Lob. Ic. 54 1 ./. 



J. cum squamis cilii instar pilosis. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 1.28./, 



J. austriaca tertia. Clus. Pan. 543./. 545. 



J. austriaca sexta. Clus. Hist. v. 2. 7-f. 



Common and Jagged Knapweed. Petiv, H. Brit. t. 22. f. 8. 9. 



/3, with radiant flowers. Rad Syn. 199. 



Cyanus n. 185. Hall. Hist. u. 1.80. 



y. Jacea nigra minor tomentosa laciniata. Dill, in Rail Syn. 199. 



In pastures, and byroad sides, very common. 



/3. Common in the west of England. Ray. Near Oxford. Dill. 

 Frequent in pastures and waste ground between Bristol and the 

 Severn. 



y. Four miles on this side Malton, in the road to York, on a stony 

 bank by a rivulet. Dr. Richardson. 



Perennial. June — August. 



Habit like the last, but the stetn is taller, more bushy, more deeply 

 furrowed, and rather less rough. Lower leaves somewhat lyrate, 

 partly stalked, finely toothed ; upper sessile, either partly tooth- 

 ed near the base, or quite entire; sometimes clasping the stem 

 >vith their heart-shaped base ; sometimes only ovate in that 



