398 THE GARDENER. [Sept. 



Dwarf Trees on Low Walls. — As we have before said, we do not 

 recommend pigmy trees, except for covering low walls, which might 

 otherwise not be utilised at all. We have often seen long walls round 

 spade-cultivated land which were quite bare. When the walls are low 

 and limited in extent, we certainly advise cottagers and villa owners 

 or occupiers to plant the necessary quantity of Red and Black Currants 

 and Gooseberry-bushes against them ; but where there is a greater 

 extent of low wall than is required for these fruits, we would not hesi- 

 tate a moment to advise the planting of them with dwarf Apple-trees. 

 If good bearing kinds are planted, abundant crops may be expected 

 from what would otherwise be wasted space. 



Such trees should be planted 4, 5, or 6 feet apart, on walls from 

 5 to 7 feet high, and they are, we think, best trained perpendicu- 

 larly. In forming them, the centre shoot of a maiden tree should 

 be cut quite close down, and two shoots allowed to spring. These are 

 to be laid in horizontally, and cut back so as to make them push shoots, 

 which are to be trained perpendicularly, at about 9 to 12 inches apart. 

 Cutting back at the winter pruning, and pinching in summer, must be 

 practised in the same way and for the same reason as dwarfs in the 

 open border are so treated. Root-pruning and root-feeding must also 

 be attended to in the same way. 



Five or six branches should be led up from trees on walls 4 feet high 

 and under, but four branches will be sufficient for trees on walls 7 feet 

 high. In both cases the number of square feet allowed to each will 

 be almost the same, although the trees will require to be closer together 

 on the higher walls. 



Cordon Trees. — Of late years cordon trees have become fashionable, 

 and by their use a wall may be rapidly clothed with bearing wood. 

 They may either be single or double, or indeed triple or quadruple for 

 that part of it ; but they are more commonly single or double. On high 

 walls they are generally trained straight up ; on low walls, they are 

 generally trained obliquely. A low wall may thus be made as suitable 

 for a cordon tree as a high one. We need not give special directions for 

 their cultivation ; the j^rincij^les laid down before apply here, and only 

 require some modification. 



Esijalier Trees are trained and treated in exactly the same way as 

 wall-trees, and are fastened to wire or wood espaliers instead of walls. 

 We may add that common wire painted is considered better than 

 galvanised wire — many cultivators alleging that electricity plays on 

 the galvanised wire, and destroys the shoots which are tied to it. 



Replacing had Kinds. — It too often happens that when trees begin 

 to bear they are found to be untrue to name, and it is seldom that the 

 misnamed kind is a better one than what was ordered. Sometimes, 

 often indeed, utterly worthless kinds are sent instead. Sometimes 

 kinds which either won't bear at all, or bear fruit that does not ripen, 

 are sent. This causes much disappointment, and often such trees are 



