1879] HEATING BY HOT WATER. 2G9 



or altogether loosened to allow theni to swell. Budding may now be 

 done : it is simply forming a slip in the bark of a stock, cutting across, 

 forming the letter "T\ The bark is raised up and the bud (which has 

 been previously divested of its wood, the bark cut to fit that in the 

 stock) is slipped in and fitted neatly, with the point alone exposed, and all 

 the other portion being neatly bound closely with soft matting. Standard 

 trees receive little help during summer; but if time and means would allow, 

 they could be kept in fruiting condition and made haudsome by attention to 

 disbudding. - Open hearts for bush-shaped trees, and the permanent branches 

 kept at regular distances, is very desirable. 



Pyramids, being generally dwarf and more come - at - able, receive more 

 careful attention. They may be thinned and stopped as the growth of the 

 tree indicates. Keeping a straight centre shoot, and the others branching out 

 and upwards at equal distances, demands attention. This rule applies to all 

 trees and plants, as the stopping of one shoot strengthens the others. Dwarf- 

 bushes known as small fruits require the same attention as directed for last 

 month. 



Figs will now be making rapid growth, and where grown thinly with lead- 

 ing shoots and short spur-looking wood, should be encouraged, for it is always 

 fruitful. These young growths should be carefully gone over, and the points 

 squeezed at every fourth leaf or so. If plenty of fruit is showing, they should 

 be exposed to the sun as much as can be done. If there is a wall to cover, 

 leading shoots should be trained and kept as leaders. Figs do admirably with 

 any kind of training. Just as the Pear is manageable, so is the Fig. Cordons, 

 either as large or small trees, can be made and kept fruitful. Such sorts as 

 Castle Kennedy, Gros vert, and Brunswick, often require much cramping at 

 their roots, and even a little cutting, to keep them stiff in growth and fruitful. 

 Brown Turkey and White Marseilles hold their own with most Fig fanciers, 

 yet Negro Largo is a fine and free bearer. 



In the orchard-house abundance of work will give the cultivator exercise of 

 body and mind, if he is an enthusiast. Thinning of fruit, keeping down insects 

 by fumigation and washes, stopping of shoots to direct the course of those 

 left, keeping the trees from becoming matted, careful ventilation, watering 

 with care, giving thorough soakings of weak manure- water, syringing plenti- 

 fully, keeping healthy open surfaces of pots and borders, and applying whole- 

 some mulching of rotten manure, — are objects which all in their part tend to 

 make orchard-house tree-culture a success, and be something different to the 

 starvation method we often see. M. T. a 



HEATING BY HOT WATER. 



Your correspondents Mr Inglis and C. M. cannot agree with Mr Hammond's 

 theory of the circulation of hot water in pipes ; and, as you remark, "it is quite 

 evident that this is a subject that requires to be discussed. " I thought Mr 

 Hammoud's reasoning so clear that no one would have thought of disputing it, 

 as Mr Inglis and C. M. have done. There is a small stove here, the heating of 

 which is a practical illustration of the correctness of Mr Hammond's remarks. 

 The structure in question is 30 feet long and 13 feet wide. It is heated by a 

 saddle-boiler, which would do its work well enough were it not that the flow- 

 pipe has a continuous rise all the way along one side, back the same side, 



