1 879.] THE GARDENER'S PRIMER. 509 



or by budding — that is bud-grafting — but the result is the same. After 

 the union is perfected the growth of the scion takes place, and the 

 stock henceforth bears the scion instead of one of its own growth, 

 which has been cut off and removed. Grafting has not been success- 

 ful with monocotyledonous plants. 



One object of grafting is to change the permanent characters of the 

 graft or scion, by improving the flavour of the fruit, or rendering it 

 more productive, of which there is some doubt ; though it would be 

 easy to surmise that a difference between the contents of the cambium 

 layer or of the cell-tissue of the foster-parent or stock and that of the 

 graft or scion might alter or retard the growth of the scion, so as 

 to cause the production of fruit-buds instead of leaf-buds. Another 

 object of grafting is to restore an old worn-out tree by cutting off 

 its branches and using the stem as the stock, and grafting on it 

 a new scion or graft. Another object is to propagate and increase 

 a larger number of trees — for instance, recent introductions into 

 this country — by grafting scions of them on to older and less 

 valuable trees, and so provide a larger number than would otherwise 

 be possible to do except during a number of years. Another object 

 of grafting may be to place on the same monoecious plant the two 

 necessary organs of a perfect plant — namely, the stameniferous and 

 pistilliferous flowers. It need hardly be observed, that after the 

 union of the graft or scion with the stock is perfect, the individual 

 characteristics of the graft or scion are preserved. It is a popular 

 fallacy that the blood-red Orange has been procured by grafting the 

 Orauge scion on the Pomegranate-tree. 



By scientifically pruning fruit-trees in summer-time, buds which 

 might otherwise remain leaf-buds are arrested and metamorphosed into 

 fruit-buds ; but fruit-buds, when once formed, can hardly be turned 

 into leaf-buds, though they may be rendered abortive : and by im- 

 proper treatment of a Vine, as by excess of moisture and heat, a crop 

 of tendrils only may be produced instead of a crop of Grapes. And 

 these cases are not difficult to understand when it is remembered that 

 the different parts of a flower, even pistils and stamens, are only modi- 

 fications of leaves, and that the tendril of the Vine is a modified 

 llower peduncle — a continuation of the main axis. It is made up 

 of a common peduncle, bearing two branches, — one is the flower 

 tendril, always longer than the other branch, which is the flowering 

 part or sub-peduncle. It is this sub-peduncle which is so easily 

 modified, by improper treatment, into a tendril, however strange this 

 behaviour may seem to be. 



The flower-bud of mono- and di-cotyledonous plants, like the leaf-bud, 

 consists of leaves placed at the extremity of the stem or branch of a 



