136-2 
Cinchona, and a gummy substance much esteemed as a vulnerary. The South 
European Flowering Ash (fraaxinus Ornus, Linn.) exudes from its branches a 
dulcamarous substance called Manna, a gentle laxative, useful in cases of genito- 
urinary affections attended by constipation; it has, however, the usual drawback 
of causing flatulent colic.* Calabrian manna, considered by Fothergill to be of 
even better quality than the last, is a product of F. exce/stor, Linn.; F. rotundifolia 
is also manniferous. The fruit of the Persian Lilac (Syringia vulgarts, Linn.+) is, 
according to Curveiller, a remarkably good tonic and febrifuge when extracted. 
The leaves of the South European Phyllyrea latifolia have been found to 
relieve headache, when soaked in vinegar and applied with a compress; the leaves 
of the British Privet (Zigustrum vulgare) are often used in the same manner; both 
are astringents, 
History and Habitat.—The Fringe Tree is indigenous to the United States, 
where it ranges from the southern portions of Pennsylvania southward to Florida 
and Texas. It habits rich woods along the borders of streams, flowering in June. 
The previous use of the bark of this shrub as an astringent vulnerary, and 
the bark of the root as a tonic after long and exhaustive diseases, is one that has 
a great merit. The bark in infusion is a remedy that was too often neglected for 
foreign drugs in the treatment of typhoid forms of fever and intermittents, espe- 
cially those of bilious character. This bark has often also proved itself a trust- 
worthy diuretic, and Prof. Griffith deems it possessed of acro-narcotic properties. 
Rafinesque claims that the root makes a cataplasm that will cause the healing of 
wounds without suppuration. Dr. F. S. Smith, of Lock Haven, Pa., who has used 
the fluid extract of the bark in his practice, judges it one of the best remedies at 
his command in certain forms of bilious sick headaches; and Dr. E. M. Hale is 
of the opinion that in all the diseases mentioned above Chionanthus will often 
prove to be the similimum. 
PART USED AND PREPARATION.—The fresh bark, including that of the 
root, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed, Then two parts by weight 
of alcohol are taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the 
rest of the alcohol added. The whole is then poured into a well-stoppered bottle, 
and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. 
The tincture, separated from this mass by pressure and filtration, has a beau- 
tiful, slightly orange-red color by transmitted light, a bitterish barky odor, a bitter 
taste, and an acid reaction. : 
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.—According to Drs. Lawsche and Saucer the 
symptoms following the ingestion of this drug are substantially as follows: Severe 
frontal headache, bruised, sore sensation in the eyeballs; nausea, bitter eructa- 
* Armenian manna is derived from Quercus Persica, J. & S., and Quercus vallonea, Kat (Cupuliferze); Australian 
Manna, from Eucalyptus viminalis, Lab. ( Myrtaceze); Tamarisk manna, 7amarix gallica, Linn. (Tamiricacee); Persian 
manna, from Alhagi camelorum, Fisch. (Leguminos) ; and Briangon manna, from Pinus Larix, Linn. (Conifer). 
____- ¢ Our common purple Lilac is var. violacca, and the white, var. a/ba, both natives of Persia. 
