152-2 
having a watery juice, inhabiting principally the warmer portions of the globe. 
Stems and /eaves various, many furnished either with stings or rigid hairs; stipules 
persistent, caducous or wanting. J/nflorescence spicate, amentaceous, racemose or 
capitate; flowers moncecious, dicecious or polygamous. Calyx regular. Corolla 
none, Stamens definite, as many as the calyx lobes, and opposite them, or fewer, 
Ovary simple, free from the calyx, 1-celled, rarely 2-celled; ovules 1 to each cell, 
anatropous or orthotropous; sty/es single, or two-lobed at the apex, the lobes stig- 
matose. /7uit an achenium, samara, urticle, or often rendered baccate by the 
persistent and now fleshy calyx. A/bumen not always present; radicle pointing 
upward. 
The sub-order Utmace#, or Elm Family, furnishes us this remedy only; the 
‘other species used in medicine are: The East Indian Celtis ortentalts, formerly 
used in epilepsy; and the European Lote Berry Tree (C. australis, Linn.), the 
bark of which is astringent, and is used in gonorrhoea and dysentery. The 
European U/mus campestris, Linn., is considered to be diuretic as well as an 
astringent tonic; U. effusa, Willd., was at one time used as a substitute for 
sarsaparilla; and the American Slippery Elm (U. fidva, Michx.) is a well-known 
demulcent, and anti-herpetic, and is considered by many anti-syphilitic. 
The sub-order Arrocarpe& or Bread Fruit Family, yields several esculent 
fruits, while many of its members afford highly poisonous juices, and some a nour- 
ishing milk. The South Sea Island Bread Fruit is a product of Artocarpus incisa, 
and the Jack Fruit of A. ixtegrifolia. The South American Cow Tree, so aptly 
named on account of the nourishing milky juice that freely exhudes from the 
wounded trunk, is a species of Bromisum, and the Jamaica Bread Nuts are the 
fruits of B. alicastrum. The Asiatic Fig, the fruit of Ficus carica, Linn., of this 
sub-order, highly esteemed in all countries as a laxative dessert fruit, is also 
useful, when roasted, as an application to hasten suppuration in small circum- 
scribed formations of pus; the bark of the East Indian Banyan Tree (7. /nxaica, 
Linn.), whose immense growth is famous, is used by the Hindoos as a tonic and 
anti-diabetic; it also yields a gum known as Gum Lac, and a juice useful as an 
application for aching teeth; the Indian India-rubber Tree (F*. elastica, Roxb.) and 
the South American F. radula, elliptica, and prinoides, yield a fine quality of 
caoutchouc; the East Indian /: racemosa, Linn., yields a bark that is a powerful 
tonic, useful in hematuria and menorrhagia; the wood of the African 7 syca- 
morus is imperishable, and was used by the ancient Egyptians for mummy 
cases; F. septica is emetic, and the Indian F demona, Vahl., and ¢oxicaria, Linn., 
yield extremely virulent juices. The Brazilian Caapeba, or Caa-apia, a product of 
Dorstenia Braziliensis, Linn., the Mexican D. contrayerva, Linn., and YD. Houstont, 
Miller, are all supposed to contribute more or less to the commercial Contrayerva, 
which is a gentle stimulant, diaphoretic, and nervine, as well as an alexipharmic, 
and has, in a great measure, supplanted serpentaria. Cecropia peltata is astringent 
_ and was once much valued in the treatment of chronic intestinal catarrh, and 
_ Musanga cecropioides, a powerful emmenagogue. The Mulberries, including the 
ce _ Levantine Morus Nigra, the American M. rubra, and the Chinese M. alba, yield 
edible fruits, while their barks are considered cathartic and anthelmintic; Fustic is 
