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JUGLANDACEAs.—A small family of very useful trees. Wood hard and 
dense. Leaves alternate, pinnate, astipulate. /Yowers moncecious, the fertile ones 
single or in a small cluster or spike; ca/yx adherent to the ovary, regular, 3 to 5 
lobed ; feta/s sometimes present; the sterile flowers in long catkins ; calyx bracted 
and irregular, overlapping the stamens like a hood. Ovary somewhat more than 
1-celled, containing a single orthotropous ovule, the walls become thick and fleshy, 
affording thus a covering (efzcarp) for the nut. Aruzt a dry drupe, furnished with a 
bony endocarp, splitting into 2 valves in germination, and enclosing a large 4-lobed 
seed ; a/bumen none; embryo 2 large, lobed, corrugated, sarcous, oily cotyledons. 
The following fruits or nuts of this family are greatly esteemed on account of 
their rich oily “meats”: The black walnut (Fuglans nigra, Linn.), the butternut 
(Fuglans cinerea, Linn.), the Maderia nut or English walnut (¥aglans regia, Linn.), 
a native of Persia and the Himalaya, and cultivated in England and along the 
Mediterranean, the hickory or mocker-nut (Carya tomentosa, Nutt, and var. 
maxima, Nutt.), the shell-bark or shag-bark hickory (Carya alba, Nutt.), the west- 
ern shag-bark hickory (Carya sulcata, Nuét.), and the pecan-nut (Carya olive- 
Sormis, Nutt.). 
History and Habitat—The butternut is a common tree throughout the 
Eastern, Middle, and Western States, and from the Canadas southward along the 
mountains, growing in rich woods along river banks, flowering from April to 
May, and ripening its fruit in September. The wood, as before mentioned, is 
valuable on account of its lightness, durability, and freedom from worm infestations ; 
the fruit, when half formed, makes a fine pickle, and when ripe an article of 
hucksterage ; the sap, gathered in its season, forms on boiling a fine sugar equal 
if not superior to that of the maple; the leaves, bark, and unripe fruit afford a 
dye of a chocolatebrown color for woollen goods, which, with that of the black 
walnut, was used in the South to great extent during the rebellion as a dye for the 
uniforms of the soldiers. The use of a decoction of the inner bark in medicine 
has been of some importance, especially as a mild cathartic; it acts thus without 
colic, and is said to leave none of the constipating effects so frequently following 
general cathartics; in diarrhoea and even dysentery it receives many encomiums 
from botanic physicians. The powdered leaves act as a rubefacient and vesicant, 
and have been used as a substitute for cantharides. : 
The inner bark of the root is officinal in the U.S. Ph. as Extractum Fug- 
landis ; in the Eclectic Materia Medica the same preparation is recommended. 
PART USED AND PREPARATION.—The inner bark of young stems and 
roots, collected in May or June, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. 
Then two parts by weight of alcohol is taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed with one- 
sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole 
well, it is poured into a well-stoppered bottle and allowed to stand eight days in a 
dark, cool place. 
_ The tincture, procured by straining and filtering, should be opaque in layers of 
—- . et quantity in thin layers it should have a deep, rich, reddish-brown color by 
