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gummy or resinous juice. Wood somewhat intermediate between woody fibre and 
vessels, and marked in circular disks. Leaves scattered or fascicled, sometimes 
opposite, linear, awl-shaped or acerose, rigid, and generally evergreen. nflores- 
cence amentaceous; flowers moncecious or dicecious, destitute of calyx or corolla. 
Fertile flowers: pistils absent, or represented by an open scale or metamorphosed 
leaf; sterile flowers consisting of one or more stamens; s/amens generally mona- 
delphous, situated upon an axis, thus forming a loose, deciduous catkin or spike. 
fruit varying greatly in the different tribes, from a hard, bony nut with an edible 
“meat,” to a soft, edible drupe. Carfe/s either wanting or represented by an open 
scale; ovules orthotropous, naked, not enclosed in an ovary ; embryo consisting of 
a pair of opposite, or several whorled cotyledons. 
This family of plants is one producing many valuable drugs, useful exuda- 
tions, varied woods, and ornamental trees. Of the drugs, exudations, and con- 
stituents, the turpentines, balsams, and pitches rank highest. They are in general 
as follows: The common European and Russian turpentines, 7erebinthina vul- 
garis, are derived from Pinus sylvestris, Linn.; the common American turpentine, 
Lerebinthina vulgaris, together with common frankincense, Zhus Americana, a 
concrete oleo-resin, and Oleum T, erebinthine, from Pinus australis, Michx. (P. 
palustris, Mill.), and Pinus Tada, Linn.; Canada balsam and Terebinthina 
Canadensis, from Abies balsamea, Marsh. (A. balsamtfera, Michx.; Pinus balsamea, 
Linn.; Picea balsamea, Loud.), and from Pinus Frazeri ; while Canada pitch, Ax 
Canadensis, is yielded by Abies Canadensis, Michx. Austrian turpentine is derived 
from Finus Laricio, Poir.: Bordeaux turpentine, or galipot, from Piuus pinaster, 
Ait. (P. maritima, DC.) ; Strasbu rgh turpentine, 7erebinthina ar gentoratensts, from 
Pinus Picea, Linn. (Adics Picea, Lindl.; Abies pectinata, DC.); Venice turpen- 
tine, Zerebinthina Veneta or laricinia, from the European Adzes Larix, Lam. (Pinus 
Larix, Linn., Larix Europea, DC.); Pacific coast turpentine from Aédzes Men- 
zest, Lindl.; Damarra turpentine from Damarra australis ; and the Chilian Dom- 
beya turpentine from Dombeya excelsa. Hungarian balsam, Balsamum Hungart- 
cum, is a product of Pinus Pumilio, Willd.; and Carpathian balsam of Pinus 
Cembra, Linn., and Pinus pinea, Burgundy pitch, Pzx Burgundica, is derived 
from Adies excelsa, DC. (Pinus Abies, Linn.); while Pix Nigra or Arida, 
together with Pix Liguida, otherwise known as Archangel or Stockholm tar, are 
obtained upon destructive distillation of various coniferous roots, but especially 
those of Pinus sylvestris, Linn., and Pinus Ledebourti, Endl. (Larix Sibirica, 
Ledeb.). Rosin, Resin or Colophony, is the residue after the distillation of volatile 
oil from the turpentine of Pinus palustris, Mill, and other species. Juniper tar, 
Pyroleum Oxycedri or Oleum Cadinum, is a product of the Cade (¥uniperus oxy- 
cedrus, Linn.). Morocco, or Barbarian Sandarach, is obtained from Cad/itris guad- 
rtvalvis, Vent. Rich. (7, huja articulata, Desf.) ; Gummi Orenburgense and Manna 
of Briangon from Adres Larix, Lam.: Oil of Savin from Funiperus Sabina, Linn.; 
and Fructus Funiperi from Juniperus Virginiana, Linn. Edible nuts are produced 
by Pinus pinea, Pinus Cembra, and Pinus Lambertiana ; edible drupes by Taxus 
_ baccata, and beverages by Abies nigra, in America, and Dacydium taxifolium, in 
_ New Zealand. _ 
