N:.. ORD>CONITPERZ. 4166 
Tribe.—CUPRESSINEA. 
GENUS.—JUNIPERUS,* LINN. 
SEX. SYST.—DICECIA MONADELPHIA. 
JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA. 
RED CEDAR. 
SYN.—JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA, LINN.; JUNIPERUS SABINA, HOOK. 
(NOT LINN.). 
COM. NAMES.—RED CEDAR, JUNIPER, OR SAVIN; PENCIL CEDAR; (#'R.) 
CEDRE DE VIRGINIE; (GER.) VIRGINISCHE CEDER, ROTH CEDER. 
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH TWIGS OF JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA, LINN. 
Description.—This evergreen species often attains a growth of from 60 to go 
feet in the East, though in the West it seldom grows much larger than a full-sized 
shrub, Wood very durable and compact, odorous, and of a reddish color. Branches 
more or less horizontal. eaves small, usually opposite in pairs, not articulated, 
connate-decurrent upon the stems, awl-shaped, flattish, and scalaceous; upon the 
young branches acute, flattish, appressed imbricate, and often furnished with a 
dorsal resin-gland ; midrib or nerve none. nflorescence small catkins terminating 
lateral branchlets; flowers dicecious, or in some cases moneecious. fertile catkins 
ovoid, scales 3 to 6, scarious, coalescent, each ovuled, and all uniting in fruit to 
form a berry. Sterile catkins formed of 3 to 6 peltate scales; anther-cells at the 
base of the scales. Fvuzt a small, roundish-ovoid, berry-like drupe, erect upon its 
pedicel-like branchlet and covered with a bluish bloom. Seeds 1 to 3, bony, wing- 
less; the lower portion covered with a scarious membrane, smooth; the upper ~ 
traversed by a smooth ridge, dividing it into two verrucose parts ; cotyledons two. 
History and Habitat.—The Red Cedar is common in sterile, dry soils in nearly 
all portions of North America, Japan, and the West Indies, flowering in May. 
This tree is noted, above all others in this country, for the durability of its 
wood, no matter how exposed to changes of weather; many of the houses along 
the Jersey shore of New York Bay, built in the early days of the present century 
and shingled with cedar, have roofs still in excellent condition, and many posts for 
the support of outbuildings still stand stanch and firm, The highly-colored and 
fragrant heart-wood is largely used in the manufacture of lead-pencils, pails, tubs, 
and various household utensils subjected to wettings. Boxes made of the wood 
* Celtic, Yeneprus, rough, from the scaly foliage. 
