22 THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, 
FRAMES, GARDEN. Frames are portable garden 
structures among the most useful for various purposes at 
all seasons, particularly in spring and early summer, when 
large quantities of different subjects have to be prepared 
for transplanting outside. They may also 
be effectively employed in forcing opera- 
tions, where pits are limited, by being placed - 
on a hotbed of fermenting material, and 
covered with mats and dry litter, according 
to the state of the weather, or the amount 
of heat required inside. Cucumbers and 
Melons, and a large proportion of green- 
house winter-flowering plants in pots, as 
well as those for more immediate use, may 
be successfully cultivated in Frames during 
the summer. In winter, the latter may be 
utilised for storing plants that merely require 
protection from frost, by placing a quantity 
of dry litter round the woodwork, and cover- 
ing the glass with mats, &c. Frames are 
made of different sizes, none being so gene- 
rally useful as those having two sashes, 
each measuring about 6ft. long by 4ft. wide 
(see Fig. 30, for which, and for Fig. 31, we 
are indebted to Messrs. Boulton and Paul, 
of Norwich), or others large enough to take 
three sashes of similar dimensions. The 
frames of these sashes should be 2in. thick, : 
and each fitted with an iron handle for opening, and a 
cross bar of iron for strengthening them. The Frame or 
box itself is usually made of deal timber, 1łin. or 1}in. 
thick, a height of 18in. being allowed at the back, and 
13hin. at the front, or other heights may be adopted in 
a similar proportion. The corners should be dovetailed, 
=== — — 
Fic. 30. TWO-LIGHT FRAME, 
and further strengthened by pieces of wood fitted inside. 
Frames may be purchased ready for use, but they are 
expensive, and seldom so strong as those which can be 
made at home, somewhat like that above described. A 
new Three-quarter Span-roof Frame, made by Messrs. 
Boulton and Paul, of Norwich, is represented in Fig. 31. 
When made in this shape, it has the advantage of giving 
more height inside than with the ordinary sashes. The 
sashes here shown are hung to the ridge in such a way that 
FIG. 31. THREE-QUARTER SPAN-ROOF FRAME. 
the front ones may be turned right over on the others at 
the back, and the reverse. An iron prop accompanies 
each Frame, to hold the lights wide open for attending to 
the plants, and each light is provided with a fastening 
that serves the double purpose of securing it against 
wind, and raising it for ventilation, Like the ordinary 
Frames, these are made in various sizes. Other sorts may 
be procured with iron standards and framework, the 
Frames, Garden—continued. 
sashes bemg made of wood, and glazed in the ordinary 
way, or without putty. One of the most popular and best- 
constructed of this description is that made by Messrs. 
FIG. 32. SPAN-ROOF FRAME. 
Foster and Pearson, Nottingham (see Fig. 32). A some- 
what novel, but effective, mode of ventilation is adopted. 
The sashes are held open at any angle required, by 
dropping a stout hook, attached to each, into a contriv- 
ance cast in the iron rafters, something like part of a 
cog-wheel. This holds them safely in any position in 
which they are placed. The sashes may easily be re- 
moved and replaced, if desired; and the ridge is made to 
lift up and down its whole length by a lever, as a means 
of ventilation in wet weather. Where expense in pur- 
chasing is no object, Frames like this are very useful 
and durable. They are best suited to remain where 
placed permanently. For sectional representations of 
simple and chambered Frames, see Cucumber. 
FRANCISCEA. See Brunfelsia. 
FRANCOA (named in honour of F. Franco, M.D., of 
Valentia, a promoter of botany in the sixteenth century). 
ORD. Savifragee. A Chilian genus, all the species of which 
are described below. They are very handsome hardy or 
half-hardy perennials, beset with simple hairs or glands. 
Flowers terminal, copious, in spicate racemes. Leaves 
lyrate, nearly like those of the Turnip, reticulately 
veined. Seeds should be sown, about February or March, 
in a well-drained pan of sandy peat, covered over with a 
pane of glass, and in a heat of about 50deg.. The glass 
covering may be removed when the seedlings have made a 
little growth. So soon as the plants are large enough 
to handle, they should be transferred to other pans, at a 
distance of about 2in. apart. About April or May, they 
may be potted off into 4in. pots, and placed in a cool 
greenhouse or frame. Increased also by divisions. 
F. appendiculata (appendaged).* ji., petals pale red, marked 
each by a deeper spot near the base; scape nearly sag 4 : 
racemes compact. July. J. petiolate, lyrate. h. 2ft. 
(B. M. 3178; misnamed F. sonchifolia in L. B. C. 1864.) 
F. ramosa (branched).* fl. white, loosely arranged ; rachis and 
sepals glabrous; inflorescence much branched. July, August. 
l. shortly stalked, usually decurrent. A. 2ft. to 3ft. 1831. Plant 
caulescent. (B. M. 3824.) . 
F. sonchifolia (Sowthistle-leaved).* fl. loosely arranged; petals 
pink, often with a darker blotch near the base. July. 1. with 
short petioles, usually decurrent below the auricles to the 
extreme base. h. 2ft. 1830. (B.M. 3309; S. B. F. G. vol. 5, 169.) 
FRANCOEÆ. A tribe of Savifragee, 
FRANGIPANI-PLANT. Se 
color. 
FRANGULA. Included under Rhamnus. 
Plumiera tri- 
