AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA 
OF HORTICULTURE. 
Puchsia—continued. 
_ reflexed,® corolla very full, violet (see Fig. 57); KING OF THE 
DOUBLES, scarlet, corolla purple, striped ; KINGSBURYANA, scarlet, 
corolla pure white, and remarkable for its size and shape; LE 
CYGNE, tube and sepals crimson, corolla white, dwarf; LITTLE 
ALICE, scarlet, corolla pure white, good ; MARKSMAN, sepals car- 
mine, corolla violet, habit good; MARVELLOUS, tube and sepals 
rose, corolla blue, full ; MILNE EDWARDS, coral-red, corolla bluish- 
violet ; MINSTREL, rosy-crimson, corolla ivory-white, striped, full ; 
Miss Lucy FINNIs, tube and sepals coral-red, corolla pure white, 
large and very full (see Fig. 58); Miss L. VIDLER, sepals crimson, 
corolla violet, good; Mrs, H. CANNELL, sepals bright crimson, 
broad, corolla pure white, extra fine ; NELLY MORTON, scarlet, — 
corolla white ; PIERRE JOIGNEAUX, sepals light red, corolla deep 
carmine, peculiarly formed. 
FUEL AND FURNACES. ‘The necessary annual 
supply of Fuel for heating purposes forms a considerable 
and very important item in garden expenditure. The bulk 
of that used in old-fashioned flues was coal, either as 
supplied from the pit or mixed with cinders. Since the in- 
troduction and general adoption of heating by hot water, 
coke has become a substitute in most cases where it can 
be obtained. The use of coal in large boilers would soon 
choke the flues with soot, and this is one important objec- 
tion. Various gases are removed with the smoke in the 
manufacture of coal gas for burning, and the coke which 
remains contains about two-thirds of carbon, and forms 
the strongest heating combustible material available in 
quantity for horticultural purposes. The large pieces and 
those of medium size are of the best quality; the small, 
generally termed “ breeze,” being much inferior, and sold 
at a lower price. Combustion is first caused by heat, and 
it increases as the heat becomes more intense. A certain 
quantity of Fuel consumed inside a Furnace, transmits the 
heat evolved by combustion to the boiler, &c., surrounding 
it, or, if allowed, a great part passes to the chimney, where 
it is completely wasted. A draught, caused by the opening 
of the damper and ash-pit door at the same time, is a 
means whereby much oxygen is admittcd to the fire, and 
a passage opened for the escape of the ascending heat. 
This is one of the principal things to avoid by using the 
damper, so that the greatest possible amount of heat may 
be utilised, with, at the same time, an economical use of 
Fuel in proportion. 
FUGACIOUS. Lasting but a short time. 
FUGOSIA (named in honour of Bernard Cienfugos, a 
Spanish botanist of the sixteenth century). Syns. Cien- 
fuegia, Cienfugosia, and Redoutea. ORD. Malvacee. A 
genus comprising about a score species of greenhouse ever- 
green shrubs or sub-shrubs, natives of tropical America, 
Africa, and Australia. Flowers often yellow, surrounded by 
an outer calyx or involucel of six or more leaves, within 
which is a five-cleft calyx dotted over with black spots, 
and five oblique petals. Leaves entire or lobed, rarely 
partite. Fugosias succeed in a peat and loam soil, to 
. which a little silver sand may be added. Propagated by 
cuttings, made in April or May, and inserted under a 
bell glass, in mild bottom heat. The species here de- 
scribed are those usually seen in cultivation. 
F. cuneiformis (wedge-shape-leaved). fl. red ; petals about 1sin. 
long, slightly tomentose ; involucre very small, minutely five or 
six-toothed, placed a little below the calyx; peduncles short 
and thick, June to August. Z. cuneate-oblong or broadly linear- 
obtuse, lin. to 2in. long, entire, thick and somewhat fleshy. 
h. 15ft. West Australia, Shrubby and glabrous. Syns. Hibiscus 
cuneiformis and Lagunaria cuneiformis. 
F. hakezefolia (Hakea-leaved). fl. purple-lilac, large, 
peduncles, articulate, and often bearing a small bract 
middle; petals l}in. to 2in. long. August. l. from deeply bi- 
pinnatifid to trifid only, or the upper ones entire, often several 
inches long, the whole leaf or lobes narrow-linear, somewhat 
fleshy, ved above or almost terete. h. 8ft. to 10ft. South 
Australia, 1846, An erect shrub. (B. M. 4261.) SYNS. Hibiscus 
hakecefolius and H. multijfidus (P. F. G. vii. 103). : 
F. rophylla (various-leaved). jl. yellow, with purple claws. 
1, tiated: elliptical, entire, rarely trifid. h. 3ft. South 
on axillary 
hete: 
June. 
America, 1822. Syx. Redoutea heterophylla. (B. M. 4218.) 
FULIGINOUS. Dirty brown, verging upon black. 
FULLER'S TEAZEL. See Dipsacus Fullonum. 
about the | 
FULVOUS. Dull yellow, with a mixture of grey 
and brown. 
FUMANA. This genus is now included, by most 
authorities, under Helianthemum (which see). It forms 
a distinct section of that genus, and is characterised by its 
yellow flowers, narrow linear leaves, and erect habit. 
FUMARIA (Spanish fumaria, from fumus, smoke; in 
allusion to the disagreeable smell of the plant, or to its 
poetical name, Smoke of the Earth). Fumitory. Includ- 
ing Discocapnos and Platycapnos. Orp. Fumariacee. A 
genus of perhaps a score species of annual (rarely peren- 
nial) herbs, usually branched, often climbing. Flowers 
small, in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes; petals four, 
- erect, conniving, the posterior gibbous or spurred at the 
base, the anterior flat, two inner narrow, cohering by their 
tips, winged or keeled at the back. Leaves much divided; 
segments very narrow. No less than four species of this 
genus are found in Britain, but that described below is 
the only one worth growing. They are all of the easiest 
possible cultivation. Seeds may be sown in any ordinary 
soil, in spring. 
F. tendrilled).* /l. whitish, tinged with dark purple ; 
spur compressed, —— —— racemes “oblong, 
May to September. Z. bipinnate ; petioles somewhat tendrilled. 
h. 4ft. Europe (Britain), Asia. 7 i 
F. formosa (beautiful). A synonym of Dicentra formon. 
ACEZ:. An order of herbs, now included, 
by Bentham and Hooker, as a tribe of Papaveracee. 
Flowers irregular; sepals two, deciduous; petals four, 
in two usually very dissimilar pairs, cruciate, irregular, 
one or both of the onter pairs often saccate or spurred, 
and the two inner frequently cohering at the apex so as to 
include the anthers and stigma. Leaves alternate, usually 
divided, exstipulate. Stems brittle. The species possess 
slight bitterness and acridity, and are natives of the 
temperate and warm regions of the Northern hemisphere 
and of Southern Africa. Five of the seven genera are: 
Adlumia, Corydalis, Dicentra, Fumaria, and Hypecowm. 
There are about 100 species. 
FUMIGATING. The process of destroying insects, 
principally Thrips and various Aphides, by means of _ 
tobacco smoke. Tobacco itself is seldom used for the — 
operation, being too expensive. The various preparations — 
supplied by nurserymen, or other firms of repute, as 
Fumigating mixtures, answer the same purpose most 
effectually. They are manufactured by soaking brown 
paper, pieces of rag, &c., in a strong solution of tobacco 
juice, and afterwards drying them for use. Only that 
which is known to be of good quality should be used, 
as valuable plants may be either injured or destroyed 
by the effects of smoke from material prepared from a 
‘solution containing injurious ingredients. A dull, still 
evening is best for Famigating in any house or frame, 
as the smoke does not then escape so quickly. The 
leaves of the plants should, if possible, be dry at the 
time. The amount of smoke that may be allowed with 
safety, must depend on the hardiness of the subjects to 
withstand it. As a rule, if is always safer to moderately 
fill the structure on one evening, and again on the follow- 
ing morning, or on two successive evenings, than to run 
the risk of applying too much at once, with the inten- - 
tion of not repeating the operation. Fumigating may be 
practised with advantage, more as a preventative to the 
increase of insects, especially in spring. Care should be 
taken never to allow sunshine on a house with smoke 
inside, or tender plants are certain to be scorched. If 
still, rainy weather be selected, this is always avoided. 
Fumigators are manufactured of various descriptions, 
but are not much used in large establishments, an open _ @ 
iron vessel, having a cross handle and a grating at the 
bottom, or some other means of a similar kind, being 
employed with equally good results. Most of the pre- 
parations of tobacco paper now sold burn without the use 
of bellows; consequently, the operator need not remain 
