AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA 
` 
OF HORTICULTURE. 87 
Gourds—continued. 
Summer Crookneck. Fruit bright yellow, small, with warty 
excrescences on the surface. Plant compact, does not run. : 
Fig. 132. Turk’s CAP GOURD. 
Turk’s Cap. Fruit pale green, flat, with rounded margin ; centre 
elevated, of a deep green, marbled white and yellow ; medium- 
Piso i fegh. An ornamental variety. Syn. Turban Pumpkin. 
ee Fig. . 
alparaiso. Fruit oblong, citron-shaped, sometimes 14ft, long 
by lft. in diameter in its widest part; flesh orange-yellow, sugary ; 
rind greyish-white, covered with a fine network when ripe. A 
strong grower, stems attaining a length of 4yds. or 6yds, 
Winter Crookneck. Fruit pale yellow, solid, with long neck. 
A runner variety, and an abundant bearer, Much grown in 
America. _ 
Yokohama Gourd. Fruit flattened, generally twice as broad 
as long, irregularly ribbed, very dark, almost black green. 
(Cucurbita metonejormis, R. H. 1 , 137, 431. : 
GOVENIA (named after J. R. Gowen, Esq., the raiser 
of some fine hybrid Rhododendrons, &¢.). ORD. Orchidee. 
A genus containing about sixteen species of stove ter- 
restrial orchids, natives. of tropical America. Flowers 
usually white or cream-coloured, but in some yellow, with 
or without blood-red spots; sepals and petals free, of 
nearly equal length; lip much shorter, without spur, 
entire, and jointed to the base of the column. About 
Seven species have been cultivated; but, in all proba- 
bility, those described below are the only ones now to 
be met with. For culture, see Bletia. 
G. Andrieuxii (Andrieux’s). fl. yellowish, white at base; li 
white, spotted purplish-red in front, above yellow, barred wi 
brown. Mexico, 1884. 
G. deliciosa (delicious). /l. white, marked with small purple 
bars inside ; lip nearly elliptic, apiculate, with dark brown spots 
in front. Mexico, 1884 
G. Gardneri (Gardner’s).* f. white, spotted, refracted after 
flowering ; raceme elongated ; sepals and petals ovate, bluntish ; 
lip ovate, acute, naked, marked with five — spots and two 
convergent convex lines in middle; scape bluntly tetragonal, 
sheathed in middle. h. 2ft. Brazil, 1837. (B. M. 5660.) 
G, utriculata (bladdery). fl. white; racemes elon ted, many- 
flowered; sepals and petals curved, soumatod Dp oblong, 
ovate, acute. September. ZŁ twin, broad-oblong, plicate, 
Pseudo-bulbs ovate, inclosed in a large, membranous, oblong- 
pellucid, striated, sheath. A. 14ft. Jamaica, 1843. (B. M. 4151.) 
G. du ed). , 
eaves; calyx tube short, hemispherical; limb of five a 
* mish-white; tube 
GRAFT. A small shoot or scion of a plant or tree, 
inserted on another plant, the stock, which supports and 
nourishes it. 
GRAFTING is an art which has been practised 
from a period of remote antiquity ; by whom it was dis- 
covered is unknown. The operation consists in plac- 
ing two cut surfaces of one or of different plants 
under conditions which cause them to unite and grow 
together. The plant— usually termed the stock —on 
which the graft is inserted, should, in almost every case, 
be provided with roots, for the purpose of drawing and 
transmitting nutriment to support the graft after a 
union has taken place. The part inserted is called the 
scion, and is analogous to a cutting placed in the soil, 
although its growth is developed by nourishment supplied 
through the stock. The action of the one on the other 
is frequently marked and very important. Some fruit- 
trees, for instance, grow freely on one stock, but searcely 
bear, whilst on others they produce abundant crops, though 
they do not grow so vigorously; nevertheless, although 
both are so intimately connected, they retain their in- 
dividual characters distinct. The stock will become en- _ 
larged by the elaboration of sap in the leaves of the ` 
scion without the nature of the wood in either case being _ 
‘much altered, each part forming its own peculiar secre- _ 
tion from sap arising from the same source. Scions from — 
variegated trees will frequently cause variegated 
to develop on the stock far below the graft; and these 
can be used to increase the supply of a given form 
just as well as those produced by the original tree. The 
Golden Laburnum is a well-known case in point. 
The importance of the possibility of Grafting cannot 
be over-estimated, as, by its adoption, the propaga- 
tion of varieties of fruits, flowers, many forest trees, 
shrubs, &c., is rendered available, and the good qualities — 
or habits of any are retained, without alteration, ex- 
cepting such modifications as may be caused by the 
superior constitution or special suitability of the stock. 
Grafting may also be employed for restoring defective 
branches on any part of an otherwise healthy fruit-tree, 
or for the insertion of fruit-bearing wood, where there 
is a deficiency. Seedling frnit-trees are brought more 
quickly into a bearing condition by being grafted on fruit- 
bearing stocks, so soon as sufficiently-matured scions « 
be obtained. The two sexes of nen E 
in some cases, be brought together on one stock in o 
to eventually insure their reproduction by self-fertilisa- — 
tion. Certain conditions are essential for attaining 
in Grafting. A great — — skill 
the operation is 
may take place, 
performed. In 
it is essential that 
i ies of the same genus, or genera of the 
— —— pete In the works of celebrated ancient 
writers, accounts are given of various attempts having 
been made, and supposed unions effected, under conditions 
which have since been found impossible, on account of a 
natural affinity being non-existent. A temporary union 
has sometimes taken place, but not a vital and lasting 
one. A fundamental principle, which applies to every 
method of Grafting, is the necessity of forming a direct — 
communication between the layers of inner bark in each 
of the parts to be united; as, without this, a perfect 
joining is not effected. The pithy or woody parts never 
unite, as may be frequently observed when grafted trees 
of long standing are cut down, and the ends of wood — 
originally placed in contact are found to have become n 
decayed. Provided this essential principle be kept in 
view, the methods of Grafting may be varied almost in- 
definitely. The natural vigour of the stock and scion 
should be somewhat similar for inducing a steady growth ; 
but, at times, it is preferable that the scion should be the 
