AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA 
OF HORTICULTURE. 167 
Hymenophyllum—continued. 
H, scabrum (rough). sti. 2in. to 4in. long, wiry, ciliated. fronds 
éin. to l5in. long, 2in. to Sin. broad, ovate-acuminate, tripin- 
natifid ; lower pinnæ 2in. to 3in. long, oblong-rhomboidal, acumi- 
nate, divided nearly to the rachis. sori six to twenty to a pinna, 
terminal on the lateral segments on both sides. New Zealand, 
1859, Greenhouse, 
H. sericeum (silky). sti. 2in. to 4in. long, wiry. fronds pendent, 
6in. to 24in. long, Zin. to 3in. broad, elongate-oblong, obtuse or 
acuminate, simply pinnatifid ; pinn lin. to 2in. long, numerous, 
opposite, very variable in division. sori numerous to a pinna, 
small, terminal on the apex of the pinnz and lateral segments. 
Tropical America, 1859. 
H. tunbridgense (Tunbridge).* sti. 4in. to dim — fronds 
oblong-lanceolate, lin. to Jin. long, sin. to lin. broad, pinnate 
throughout ; pinnz distichous, flabellato-pinnatifid ; lobes linear, 
one to three lines long, spinulose, serrated, as is also the com- 
pound involucre. Temperate regions (Britain), Hardy. See Fig, 257. 
H. unilaterale (one-sided) This differs from H. tunbridgense in 
the more ovoid and turgid involucre, in the darker green and more 
rigid fronds, with the pinnæ pinnatifid on the upper side chiefly. 
Britain. See Fig. 258. Hardy. SYN. H. Wilsoni. 
H. Wilsoni (Wilson’s). A synonym of H, unilaterale. 
HYMENOPTERA. A large and most important 
order of insects, distinguished by the possession of four 
membranous naked wings, supported by a network of 
nervures, and of a mouth furnished with jaws for biting. 
They undergo a complete metamorphosis, their larve being 
usually like maggots, without feet, but with a distinct 
head; their pupe are inclosed in a cocoon, and are 
helpless, but the limbs lie free from the body, not adherent 
to it, as in the Lepidoptera. The insects are seldom 
of large size, but they are very numerous, and of very 
varied habits. The more important groups to horticul- 
turists are the following: 1. Sawflies, or Tenthredinide. 
In these, the female has a saw to bore a secure: place 
for depositing the eggs in leaves or branches. The 
larvee feed on plants, and have six horny legs, and often 
several fleshy legs, or prolegs, behind, so that they often 
resemble larve of moths. In the perfect insects, the 
abdomen and the thorax are closely joined, without any 
distinct stalk between them. Some of them make true 
galls on leaves and twigs of Willows. 2. In this class 
the females possess an ovipositor, and the abdomen is 
fixed to the thorax by a distinct stalk. The larvæ are foot- 
less, and, except in one group, are parasitic in or on 
other insects: hence they are frequently beneficial. In 
this section are included the very abundant groups of the 
Ichneumons and the Chalcides, both parasitic, and the 
Gall-flies (Cynipide), which are, in part, makers of true 
galls on Oaks, Roses, &c., and in part parasites. 3. The 
Sting-bearers (or Aculeate Hymenoptera). In these, the 
females usually possess a sting connected: with a poison- 
gland, which they use as a weapon of defence. The an- 
tenne are simple, and are formed of thirteen joints. in 
the males, and of twelve in the females. The larve 
are footless, and are usually supplied with food brought 
by the perfect insects. The habits of the members of 
this section are extremely various. Some are solitary, 
and dig or build cells for the reception of their eggs, 
which they surround with food for the larvae—either 
honey or pollen, or small’ insects, stung, so as to remain 
helpless, though alive, till eaten by the larve. Among 
these are the Solitary Wasps and Solitary Bees. Others 
live in societies (Honey Bees, Humble Bees, Wasps, and 
Ants), often very numerous, and with a very complex 
organisation. Often, in a community, there are perfect 
males, perfect females, and undeveloped females or 
workers, also called neuters. The workers do the work 
of the rest, and some may even be modified specially as 
soldiers, to fight in defence of the community. The 
Bees are of special importance to many plants, because 
of the great part they play in securing the fertilisation 
of flowers, and thereby insuring the production of the 
seed. See Galls, Honey Bee, Humble Bee, Ichneu- 
mon Plies, and Sawflies. 
OSTACHYS. Included under Tricho- 
manes (which see), ~ 
HYOPHORBE (from hys, hyos, a hog, and phorbe, 
food; probably on account of the fruits being eaten by 
pigs). ORD. Palme. A genus of three species of orna- 
mental, middle-sized stove palms, natives of the Mascarene 
Islands. Flowers white, dicecious, produced in spikes. 
Berries one-seeded, olive-like. Leaves terminal, pinnate. 
Trunk unarmed. For culture, see Areca, 
H. amaricaulis (bitter-stemmed).* l pinnate, erect when young, 
ultimately spreading from 4ft. to 6ft. in length; pinne stout, 
broad, closely set together, about 2in. broad, acuminated. Trunk 
and petioles very stout, deep maroon, glaucous, with an orange 
line extending along the outer edges of the midrib, Mauritius, 
1866. SYN. Areca speciosa, (I. H. 462, 3.) 
H. Commersoniana (Commerson’s). A synonym of Chrysalido- 
carpus lutescens. 
H., indica (Indian). A synonym of Chrysalidocarpus lutescens. 
Fig. 259. HYOPHORBE VERSCHAFFELTIH. 
H. Verschaffeltii Meeran s L pinnate, Mit. rt —— 
—— it to atl fons, - in. : midribs white. Sheath 
of the leaves forming a triat r — nn) lriquez.. 
A splendid species. See Fig. 259. a * ) Daa tec 
OSCYAMUS (from Hyos Kyamos (Hog's Bean), the 
pi Greek name used by Hippocrates). Henbane. 
Of Solanacee. A genus comprising about nine species 
t bi nial or perennial erect herbs, inhabiting warm and 
ti —— Europe, Africa, and Asia. Corolla obliquely 
a or shortly funnel-shaped, five-lobed. Cap- 
sats Tadia in the enlarged calyx, bursting when ripe 
—— a circular raised ring, immediately below the 
hard ed top. The species are of no particular horti- 
— value, and the only one worth including, chiefly 
for its medicinal properties, is H. niger. 
H, niger (black). fl. very shortly stalked ; — pale dingy 
` fer ; sessile ; 
yellow, with purplish veins. Summer. l. rat E plonatif * 
r- ones stem-clasping, ovate, and regularly 
~ ‘ttt tp 2 2ft. Europe (Britain), North Africa, North and West 
‘Asia, India. (B. M. PI. 194.) 
HY f vys ; d spathe ; 
OSPATHE (from hys, hyos, a hog, and s} 
it is known in Brazil as Hog’s Palm). Ob. —— 
J genus comprising three species of reed-like, unarme , 
stove palms, natives of Brazil. Flowers green, minute ; 
